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In a flowing stream, a riffle-pool sequence develops as a stream's flow alternates from areas of shallow to deeper water.  This pattern looks like a winding, meandering series "S" shaped river.

Pools are present as a stream "meanders" or curves. Riffles are present in the straighter, shallow areas in between curves.

This is different than concrete channels, which are straight, flat, and uniform. In straight concrete channels, water tends to flow too fast for eggs to survive or for small juveniles to rear (grow).

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Bird's eye view of part of a stream that follows a pool/riffle sequence

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Bird's eye view of part of a stream that follows a pool/riffle sequence

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What is "woody debris" and why is it important for steelhead? 

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What is "woody debris" and why is it important for steelhead? 

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Woody debris can be any fallen logs, trees, sticks, low hanging vegetation in a stream. This provides hiding areas for steelhead to escape danger and predators.

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Use the images and text on this webpage to help you formulate your ideas.

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Design a stream that integrates (include) multiple elements of habitat restoration.

Some suggested configurations of your product could include, but are not limited to:
1. a bird’s eye view (looking down) of part of a stream, or
2. a cross-section (looking at eye level) of a stream.

Include a key, or legend, that identifies and explains the key features of your solution.

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Use supplies such as recycled cardboard, scraps of paper, white glue, etc. to construct a model that shows your design.

1/4 cup of gravel, 1/4 cup of soil and several sticks are available.

You may also choose to collect four (4) specimens from around campus (vegetation or soil).

Please be respectful when harvesting plants--only cut small pieces, leaves, and leave the plant in tact.

Specimens may be no longer than 3 inches.

Please search quietly, as other classes are in session. 2 groups out at a time.

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What are "riffles", an why are they important for steelhead? 

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What are "riffles", an why are they important for steelhead? 

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Riffles are areas in a stream that have gravel for spawning (migrating) steelhead to lay their eggs.

Riffles form in areas where the velocity of the stream changes from fast to slow, and heavy pieces of gravel sink and settle in to the streambed.

Pea- to apple-sized gravel is best for laying eggs (spawning).

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Logs and sticks mimic natural conditions

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Logs and sticks mimic natural conditions

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In the past, people would strip the sides of creeks to remove all vegetation and wood to avoid flooding; however leaving this woody "debris" actually mimics natural conditions and provides habitat for steelhead.

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Redwood trees placed in creek to provide cover for fish to avoid threats and predators. Tree logs also change the flow of water by acting like natural "dams" to create slower moving pools for fish to live and grow.

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In the past, streams were lined with concrete in an effort to reduce flooding and move water faster for water supply. We have learned that concrete channels may not solve these problems, and also create a significant impact to ecosystems. Habitat restoration returns concrete channels to a more natural condition.

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Concrete channel v. natural design

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What are "pools" are why are they important for steelhead?

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What are "pools" are why are they important for steelhead?

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Pools are areas with slower moving deep water. Pools are formed in areas where the stream curves, and the flow undercuts the bank. Pools can also form behind woody debris that acts as a "dam" and creates areas of deeper water.

Steelhead are a cold water species, so deep water provides cooler temperatures.  Juvenile steelhead spend their time growing and maturing (rearing) in the slow, deep, cool water of pools.

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A riparian corridor is a special ecosystem called an "ecotone", which is like an ecosystem between different ecosystems. Riparian corridors have characteristics of both aquatic and terrestrial (land) ecosystems. It is a natural interface between land and streams, creeks, or rivers.

Riparian areas border streams, and are characterized by native, hydrophylic ("Water-loving") plants, such as willows, oaks, redwoods, alders, buckeyes (trees), and other understory bushes.

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Plants and animals adapt to a river's natural variation in flow volumes overtime. Periodic flooding by the river is a fundamental characteristic of floodplain and riparian ecology. The frequency (recurrence interval) and duration of flood events over time shape the physical habitat and create the ecological restraints that determine the species composition and community structure on a site.

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A riparian canopy provides structure and shade, which decreases the amount of penetrable sunlight. This decrease results in less extreme temperature gradients of the surface and sub-surface water. Cooler water can hold more oxygen for aquatic species to use.