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How are you enforcing/aiding governments to uphold their legal obligations and their commitments, especially those governments whose political figureheads do not believe in climate change? Specifically Presidents Putin and Trump.

Looking forward to your response,
The Government of Australia

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UNHCR Socio-Cultural Position Statement 

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UNHCR Socio-Cultural Position Statement 

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The complexities of human mobility and displacement are now, more than ever, are becoming more difficult due to the processes of climate change (UNHCR 2009). We, as an agency are commissioning for the readjustment and re-alignment of global and national frameworks surrounding refugees.

Climate change is no longer just a scientific issue. It is an issue that is now affecting the very fabrication and continuation of culture around the world. As mentioned in the perspective published by Antonio Guterres (2009), most climate related refugee placement issues can be internally solved with help of the UNHCR. The framework for cross-border movement, an issue that is problematic currently, should be redefined in the context of interstate cooperation but the flexibility of policies that has shown in the past remains.

Natural disasters in the past two decades has risen from approximately 200 to more then 400 per year, this means that nine out of ten natural disasters today are climate related (Guterres 2009). Consequently, as many as 20 million people have been “displaced by climate induced sudden-onset natural disasters” in one year. This mass movement of the population will have an obvious affect on the structure of government, the processes of urbanisation, the continuation of culture and the distribution of resources and public services. It is for these reasons that it is essential for redefinition and reform of current terminology and policies to be actioned. It is crucial for countries apart of the Paris Agreement and the upcoming COP to adhere to their agreements, and strive to achieve goals set.

With migration already causing tension within nations today, it is in the best interest for powers to commit to a plan to reduce even larger scale movement in future.

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Al Jazeera article about the exclusion of climate refugees from the category of refugees and the implications thereof.

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Al Jazeera article about the exclusion of climate refugees from the category of refugees and the implications thereof.

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Where will the climate refugees go? | Humanitarian Crises | Al Jazeera

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Refugees are an economic benefit, not burden, to Europe

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Refugees are an economic benefit, not burden, to Europe

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This article by the world finance gave an insightful view on ways the UNHCR could implement strategies to encourage states to incorporate climate refugees into their economy.
Additionally it also mentions the common misconceptions that the general public has on refugees as a whole.

https://www.worldfinance.com/special-reports/refugees-are-an-economic-benefit-not-burden-to-europe

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UNHCR STATEMENT ON THE ECONOMIC ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE REFUGEES

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UNHCR STATEMENT ON THE ECONOMIC ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE REFUGEES

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Climate refugees are having an increasing impact upon the economic sector of the UNHCR. Being a subsidiary of the UN, UNHCRs major financial contributions rely on voluntary donations from governments, individuals, the UN, and intergovernmental institutions within the private sector. Given that the UNHCR needs to cover all refugee crisis’s, we strongly believe that there needs to be more economic attention given to climate refugees that are displaced or will subsequently be displaced in the future.

It is currently unquestionable that there is a greater need for economic assistance from developed nations whose emissions are far greater than those feeling the effects. Therefore, the UNHCR is expecting to see the following issues adopted in the next COP (Katowice, 2018).

1.     Economic support by all parties to create a United Nation body that deals purely with climate refugees.

2.     Create a new definition, which will allow the UNHCR to further narrow its approach in providing financial assistance to climate refugees.

3.     Urging all states to offer greater financial assistance to the UNHCR to implement precautionary measures.

4.     States offer economic support to climate refugees once they have been adopted into their respective states.

If these issues are addressed within the upcoming COP, and further measures are taken within the Paris agreement, the economic benefits will be evidently seen throughout all states. Through helping/incorporating climate refugees the receiving states will economically benefit as it will in turn boost their national economy. The influx of climate refugees will offer consumption and entrepreneurship subsequently resulting in additional purchasing power, opportunities for greater employment, and development within the host countries (A. Betts, 2015). This paper will further mention the beneficial outcomes in incorporating and aiding UNHCRs climate refugees for countries with an ageing population.

To conclude, the UNHCR is confident states will accept the mentioned issues due to the pre-existing governance of the organisation, the prior support from partied states and organisations, and the unquestionable desperate need for economic assistance towards climate refugees.

BIBLIOGRAPGHY

Betts, A. (2014). Refugees Economy: Rethinking Popular Assumptions. [ebook] Refugee Study Centre. Available at: https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/files-1/refugee-economies-2014.pdf [Accessed 12 May 2018].

Matsangou, E. (2015). Refugees are an economic benefit, not burden, to Europe. [online] Worldfinance.com. Available at: https://www.worldfinance.com/special-reports/refugees-are-an-economic-benefit-not-burden-to-europe [Accessed 14 May 2018].

UNHCR (2018). Climate Change and Disasters. [online] UNHCR. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/en-au/climate-change-and-disasters.html [Accessed 12 May 2018].

UNHCR (2018). Donors. [online] UNHCR. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/en-au/donors.html [Accessed 12 May 2018].

UNHCR (2018). Financials | Global Focus. [online] Reporting.unhcr.org. Available at: http://reporting.unhcr.org/financial#tabs-financial-budget [Accessed 12 May 2018].

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Proposal of a new category RE: Climate Change refugees 

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Proposal of a new category RE: Climate Change refugees 

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In response to our reasonings as to why amending International Refugee Law would create ramifications, we would like to propose a new category regarding Climate Change Refugees.

The UNHCR defines a Climate Change Refugee as: someone who has been displaced or forced to flee his or her country due to long term ramifications of climate change and/or natural disasters.

The UNHCR believes that this  category is necessary in order for states to efficiently respond to the millions of people that will be displaced. This will ensure the same level of safety and legal protection will be implemented for those seeking refuge, without undermining the nature of refugee status. Additionally, this will legitimise the need for states to respond to this crisis and influence states to follow and implement the provisions outlined in the Paris Agreement, and COP 23.

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Problems arising from amending the definition of refugees 

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Problems arising from amending the definition of refugees 

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The UNCHR believes that amending the definition of refugees outlined in the 1952 Convention,  'could potentially
undermine the international legal regime for the protection of refugees'.

Additionally, 'UNHCR
considers that any initiative to modify this definition would risk a renegotiation... Moreover, in
the current political environment, it could result in a lowering of protection standards for
refugees and even undermine the international refugee protection regime altogether.' (UNCHR 2009, p.9)

UNHCR, 2009, 'Climate change, natural disasters
and human displacement:
a UNHCR perspective', viewed 18 May 2018, <http://www.unhcr.org/4901e81a4.pdf>.

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UNHCR's stance on climate change refugees

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UNHCR's stance on climate change refugees

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Our core stance as a global mandate of mobility is to ‘ensure the international protection of uprooted people worldwide’. This incorporates those who will need to relocate and move in response to climate change.

It is our moral obligation, based on the foundations of international law, and norms to address the issues arising from climate change.

We call on all states to ensure that they are complying and implementing the provisions set out in the Paris Agreement (2015), which was further discussed in COP 23, such as through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

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https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/02/climate-change-will-create-worlds-biggest-refugee-crisis

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UNHCR's political-ethical position on Climate Refugees

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UNHCR's political-ethical position on Climate Refugees

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International political cooperation is crucial and strong states must take reponsibility to tackle this issue affecting real lives and real people.

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The UN General Assembly Controls over UNHCRs finance

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The UN General Assembly Controls over UNHCRs finance

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The following table and map provide an overview of UNHCR's budgets and expenditure for programmed activities by region and pillar. For details by subregion or operation, click on the respective links. Annual budget and expenditure details for Global Programmes and Headquarters are available in the respective Global Appeals/Reports.

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example for position statement by the UNHCR. POSITION ON LEGAL REPRESENTATION FORASYLUM-SEEKERS

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example for position statement by the UNHCR. POSITION ON LEGAL REPRESENTATION FORASYLUM-SEEKERS

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statistics on who is hosting refugees and who (governments) is financing UNHCR

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Climate change, natural disasters
and human displacement:
a UNHCR perspective
http://www.unhcr.org/4901e81a4.pdf

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http://www.unhcr.org/en-au/protection/environment/59fc4e065/key-messages-for-cop23.html

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UNHCR Cash Back

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what UNHCR sees as solutions : "find solutions that allow them to rebuild their lives" -> longterm solutions that also tackle the cause of the displacement. 

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what UNHCR sees as solutions : "find solutions that allow them to rebuild their lives" -> longterm solutions that also tackle the cause of the displacement. 

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Voluntary repatriation may be one solution for refugees who have made the brave decision to return home. Together with the country of origin and international community, UNHCR strives to facilitate their choice through 'go-and-see' visits, education, legal aid, and family reunification. Our efforts have helped hundreds of thousands of people to return home to countries like Angola and Somalia.

For those who cannot return, either because of continued conflict, wars or persecution, resettlement in another country is one alternative. To aid this process, we provide cultural orientation, language and vocational training, as well as access to education and employment. However, of the 14.4 million refugees of concern to UNHCR around the world, less than one per cent is submitted for resettlement.

Another alternative for those who are unable to return home is integration within the host community. This is often a complex process which places considerable demands on both the individual and the receiving society. However, it also has benefits, allowing refugees to contribute socially and economically. Over the past decade, 1.1 million refugees around the world have become citizens in their country of asylum.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

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Voluntary repatriation may be one solution for refugees who have made the brave decision to return home. Together with the country of origin and international community, UNHCR strives to facilitate their choice through 'go-and-see' visits, education, legal aid, and family reunification. Our efforts have helped hundreds of thousands of people to return home to countries like Angola and Somalia.

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Can you guys finance some temporary and permanent housing  for climate change refugees? Cheers, Greenpeace.

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Can you guys finance some temporary and permanent housing  for climate change refugees? Cheers, Greenpeace.

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article from the UNHCR viewpoint about FAQ
1. How many people are already displaced by climate change?
2. Which regions are most at risk?
3. What is a “climate change refugee”?
4. How many people will be displaced by climate change in future?
5. How is displacement addressed in the Paris Agreement?
6. What does UNHCR want to see happen at COP22?

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By UNHCR | 06 November 2016 | Français

As activities get underway in Marrakech at COP22, the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, here are answers to some frequently asked questions about climate change and displacement.
1. How many people are already displaced by climate change?
Displacement linked to climate change is not a future hypothetical - it's a current reality. An annual average of 21.5 million people have been forcibly displaced by weather-related sudden onset hazards - such as floods, storms, wildfires, extreme temperature - each year since 2008. Thousands of others flee their homes in the context of slow-onset hazards, such as droughts or coastal erosion linked to sea level rise. There is high agreement among scientists that climate change, in combination with other drivers, is projected to increase displacement of people in the future.

Climate change is also a "threat multiplier" in many of today's conflicts, from Darfur to Somalia to Iraq and Syria. The Arab Spring is commonly seen as leading to Syria's conflict, but people tend to forget the five-year drought in Syria's northeast that preceded the war and the displacement of some 1.5 million people. Climate change sows seeds for conflict, but it also makes displacement much worse when it happens.
2. Which regions are most at risk?
No region is immune from climate change, but the risks of displacement are greatest for countries with high exposure to hazards and with large populations in areas that lack the capacity or resources to adequately prepare. Asia sees more natural hazards than any other region - in 2015, 85 per cent of people displaced by sudden onset disasters were in South and East Asia. For example, flooding in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh caused 1.8 million people to be displaced, while Cyclone Komen and monsoon floods in both Myanmar and India led to displacement of 1.6 million and 1.2 million people respectively. However, Asia is the region with the largest percentage of global population. When considering population size, Vanuatu and Tuvalu were hit hardest in 2015 when Cyclone Pam displaced 55 and 25 per cent respectively of the countries' populations.

In general, low and lower-middle income countries have the most displacement linked to disasters, including in the context of climate change.
3. What is a "climate change refugee"?
The term "climate refugee" is misleading because in international law the word "refugee" describes people fleeing war or persecution and who have crossed an international border. Climate change affects people inside their own countries, and typically creates internal displacement before it reaches a level where it pushes people across borders. It is therefore preferable to refer to "persons displaced in the context of climate change".
4. How many people will be displaced by climate change in future?
It is hard to say. What we know is that the extent and severity of displacement often depends on how well countries are prepared and can mitigate the effects. Strengthening preparedness is something we hope Marrakech COP22 meeting will help bring about.
5. How is displacement addressed in the Paris Agreement?
The Paris Agreement includes three important elements for displacement and human mobility issues.

1. The Agreement's Preamble recognizes that climate change is a common concern of humankind and includes a reference to migrants, asking Parties to respect, promote and consider their respective obligations towards migrants, among others, when taking actions to address climate change.

2. The Paris Agreement contains many references to the protection of people, the resilience of communities and the importance of livelihoods. These are essential entry points for addressing environmentally-linked root causes of forced displacement such as access to water, food, energy, and the need for livelihood opportunities to enable people to remain where they live.

3. Finally, the Paris Agreement requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) on Loss and Damage to establish a task force on displacement. This task force will "develop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change." This is also an acknowledgment of the dangers of displacement and a welcome recognition of climate change as a factor of displacement.

6. What does UNHCR want to see happen at COP22?
UNHCR would like to see the following addressed in Marrakech:

Sufficient resources are provided for the successful and timely implementation of the work of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM) Task Force on displacement.

Human mobility is mainstreamed into States' planning tools, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

States commit to support communities already displaced in the context of disasters, and also take actions to prevent and reduce the risk of future displacement.

The resilience of populations most at risk is strengthened to allow them to remain where they are.

Countries are supported with technical advice to prepare for relocating populations out of harm's way, as a last resort, and in full consultation with all affected populations.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

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Frequently asked questions on climate change and disaster displacement

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By UNHCR | 06 November 2016 | Français As activities get underway in Marrakech at COP22, the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, here are answers to some frequently asked questions about climate change and displacement. 1. How many people are already displaced by climate change?

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Nora (Political-Ethical)
Harry (Economic)
Makayla (Socio-Cultural)
Allyson (Legal)