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Maryland felt that the bank was only a necessity and not needed. They attempted to wipe out the bank by levying heavy taxes on it. Chief Justice Marshall ruled that Congress did have the authority to charter the bank.

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The Court prohibited New Hampshire from changing the charter of Dartmouth College. The Court ruled that the states cannot interfere in such contracts.

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Aaron Ogden had purchased a federal license giving him exclusive rights to operate a New Jersey steamboat line . When a competitor, Thomas Gibbons, started a business on the same route, Ogden sued him. Gibbons said he operated under federal license. Chief Justice Marshall declared that all states could not regulate commerce.

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1) The United States would not get involved in the internal affairs of European countries, nor would it take sides in wars among them.
2) The United States recognized the existing colonies and states in the Western Hemisphere and would not interfere with them.
3) The United States would not permit any further colonization off the Western Hemisphere.
4) Any attempt by a European power to control and nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile action towards the United States.

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Newly elected officials had given jobs to friends or supporters. This practice became official when Andrew Jackson took office.

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Patronage under Jackson became known as the Spoils System. In this case, the spoils, or loot taken from a conquered enemy, were jobs for party supporters.

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A heavy tax on imports designed to discourage foreign imports and encourage American manufacturing. The South called the import tax the "Tariff of Abominations"

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South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the
Union if its nullification were not respected.

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This authorized Jackson to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the East. Under this act and later acts, Jackson forcibly relocated about 100,000 members of the five tribes.

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A nightmare journey that the Cherokees called The Trial of Tears, men, women, and children, most on foot, began a 116-day forced march westward in groups of about 1,000. One out of every 4 Cherokees died of cold or disease, as troops refused to let them pause to rest.