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Welcome to Britannica School , a safe, up-to-date, and age-appropriate information resource for Primary, Middle and Secondary School.

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What is a fossil and how do fossils form? 

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What is a fossil and how do fossils form? 

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DK Find Out! | Fun Facts for Kids on Animals, Earth, History and more!

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Visit DK Find Out! to learn about dinosaurs, space, animals, nature & more. Fun learning activities for kids with videos, quizzes & galleries at DKFindOut.com

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The word 'fossil' comes from the Latin word fossus, which means 'dug up'. This refers to the fact that fossils are the remains of past life preserved in rock, soil or amber. Generally, the remains were once the hard parts of an organism, such as bones and shell although, under exceptional circumstances, soft tissues have also fossilised. There are different types of fossils because remains can be preserved in a variety of ways.

Trace fossils

Trace fossils are the preserved evidence of an animal's activity or behaviour, rather than the remains of the animal itself. Examples of trace fossils that have been found include:

Fossils with some organic material preserved

Animal and plant remains can undergo a variety of physical and chemical changes during fossilisation. This results in fossils showing varying styles and degrees of organic preservation:

minimal decay with only some loss of soft tissue

preservation of a skeleton with minimal change

removal of all organic material except carbon, which remains as a film in the rock

Mineralised fossils

These fossils are formed when organic matter in remains is gradually replaced with minerals, ultimately turning the remains to 'rock'. Types of replacement include:

Replacement of organic material in bone with minerals

Replacement of shell with pyrite

Replacement of shell with opal

Replacement of wood with silica - petrified wood

Impression fossils

Fossils can also form when the remains decay completely but leave an impression in the sediment. Impressions can be of the external shape or internal space (which may fill with other minerals or sediment).Examples include internal impressions of trilobites or ammonites and external impressions of armoured fishes or tree bark.

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The word 'fossil' comes from the Latin word fossus, which means 'dug up'. This refers to the fact that fossils are the remains of past life preserved in rock, soil or amber. Generally, the remains were once the hard parts of an organism, such as bones and shell although, under exceptional circumstances, soft tissues have also fossilised.

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Igneous Rocks Facts

Rocks are classified by the way they form. Igneous rocks are those that form when magma cools and hardens. This process can occur on the Earth's surface or underground. The exact location of the formation of the rock determines the type of igneous rock it is.

When magma rises to the surface of the Earth and hardens, it forms extrusive igneous rock.

Extrusive igneous rock tends to be glassy in texture because their formation occurs very rapidly.

Examples of extrusive igneous rock include pumice and basalt.

Pumice is an extrusive igneous rock used in many products such as toothpaste, cement, and cosmetic products

Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock used in constructing buildings and statues.

Extrusive rocks are also referred as volcanic rocks because volcanoes are important in their formation.

When magma cools and hardens below the Earth's surface, an intrusive igneous rock forms.

Because the process of the formation of intrusive igneous rock occurs slowly, these rocks tend to have a grainy texture.

Examples of intrusive igneous rock include granite and gabbro.

Granite is an intrusive igneous rock used as for making gravestones, statues, and countertops because it is very durable.

Gabbro is an intrusive igneous rock that often contains profitable amounts of gold, chromium, and silver.

Plutons are bodies of intrusive rock which are usually composed of granite.

When intrusive rocks form huge bodies such as those found in the core of mountains, they are referred to as batholiths.

Ninety-five percent of the Earth's crust is made of igneous rock.

There are over 700 different kinds of igneous rocks that have been identified.

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Rocks are classified by the way they form. Igneous rocks are those that form when magma cools and hardens. This process can occur on the Earth's surface or underground. The exact location of the formation of the rock determines the type of igneous rock it is.

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Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features.

Metamorphic Rock Facts

Enjoy our metamorphic rock facts for kids. Find interesting information and a range of examples that help explain what metamorphic rocks are and what makes them different from other kinds of rocks.

Metamorphic rocks have been changed over time by extreme pressure and heat.

Metamorphic rocks can be formed by pressure deep under the Earth's surface, from the extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates.

Uplift and erosion help bring metamorphic rock to the Earth's surface.

Examples of metamorphic rocks include anthracite, quartzite, marble, slate, granulite, gneiss and schist.

Anthracite is a type of coal with a high carbon count, few impurities and with a high luster (meaning it looks shiny).

Marble is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the sedimentary rock limestone.

Quartzite is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the sedimentary rock sandstone.

Slate is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the sedimentary rock mudstone.

Granulite is a metamorphic rock that is formed from the igneous rock basalt.

Learn about sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, other rocks and minerals or fossils.

Make a fossil cast or check out our rock sorting lesson plan.

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Metamorphic Rock Facts for Kids - Information & Examples

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Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features. Metamorphic Rock Facts Enjoy our metamorphic rock facts for kids. Find interesting information and a range of examples that help explain what metamorphic rocks are and what makes them different from other kinds of rocks.

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Educational Games, Worksheets, and More for Kids

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An Educational platform for parents and teachers of pre-k through 7th grade kids. Support your kids learning journey with games, worksheets and more that help children practice key skills. Download, print & watch your kids learn today!

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Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features.

Igneous Rock Facts

Enjoy our igneous rock facts for kids. Find interesting information and a range of examples that help explain what igneous rocks are and what makes them different from other kinds of rocks.

Igneous rock is formed when magma cools and solidifies, it may do this above or below the Earth's surface.

Magma can be forced into rocks, blown out in volcanic explosions or forced to the surface as lava.

The atoms and molecules of melted minerals are what make up magma.

These atoms and molecule rearrange themselves into mineral grains as the magma cools, forming rock as the mineral grains grow together.

There are over 700 different types of igneous rocks.

Examples of igneous rocks include basalt, granite, pumice, obsidian, tuff, diorite, gabbro and andesite.

Basalt forms the metamorphic rock granulite when subjected to extreme heat and pressure over time (metamorphism).

Granite is a common rock that contains at least 25% quartz and is sometimes used in construction because of its strength.

Pumice is an unusual, lightweight rock formed when molten rock is rapidly blown out of a volcano, forming bubbles as it quickly loses pressure and cools at the same time.

Obsidian is a volcanic glass that forms quickly without crystal growth, it can have very sharp edges making it useful as a cutting tool or arrowhead.

Tuff is a rock formed from volcanic ash.

The upper section of the Earth's crust is made up of around 95% igneous rock.

Learn about sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, other rocks and minerals or fossils.

Make a fossil cast or check out our rock sorting lesson plan.

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Igneous Rock Facts for Kids - Information & Examples

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Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features. Igneous Rock Facts Enjoy our igneous rock facts for kids. Find interesting information and a range of examples that help explain what igneous rocks are and what makes them different from other kinds of rocks.

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Types Of Rocks | The Dr. Binocs Show | Learn Videos For Kids

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Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features.

Sedimentary Rock Facts

Enjoy our sedimentary rock facts for kids. Find interesting information and a range of examples that help explain what sedimentary rocks are and what makes them different from other kinds of rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans.

This sediment can include minerals, small pieces of plants and other organic matter.

The sediment is compressed over a long period of time before consolidating into solid layers of rock.

Sedimentary rocks forms layers called strata which can often be seen in exposed cliffs.

Sedimentary rocks cover the majority of the Earth's rocky surface but only make up a small percentage of the Earth's crust compared to metamorphic and igneous types of rocks.

Examples of sedimentary rocks include limestone, sandstone, mudstone, greywacke, chalk, coal, claystone and flint.

Limestone forms the metamorphic rock marble when subjected to extreme heat and pressure over time (metamorphism).

Sandstone forms the metamorphic rock quartzite.

Mudstone forms the metamorphic rock slate.

Chalk is a soft, white form of limestone.

Flint is a hard, sedimentary form of the mineral quartz.

Learn about igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, other rocks and minerals or fossils.

Make a fossil cast or check out our rock sorting lesson plan.

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Sedimentary Rock Facts for Kids - Information & Examples

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Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features. Sedimentary Rock Facts Enjoy our sedimentary rock facts for kids. Find interesting information and a range of examples that help explain what sedimentary rocks are and what makes them different from other kinds of rocks.