# data[].attributes.body
1) Title  ✔️

2) Abstract
- Purpose
- Gap/Justification
- Methodology
- Findings
- Significance

3) Introduction (1-2 page) ✔️

- Big picture
- Gap
- Rationale
- RQ & RO

4) Literature Review (Annotated)
- Article #1
- Article #2
- Article #3
- Article #4
- Article #5

5) Methodology
- Approach (Qualitative/Quantitative)
- Participants
- Instruments
- Data Analysis

6) Findings and  Discussion
- RQ #1

5 Twitter✔️
5 Facebook ✔️
5 Online news ✔️

- RQ #2

5 Twitter ✔️
5 Facebook
5 Online news ✔️

- Discussion

1. In general which platform influence the most?

2. Which method are the best used by the youths to learn new vocab? e.g: hashtag, seasonal

7) Conclusion (2 page max)

# data[].attributes.body
HOW POLITICAL DISCOURSE  IN MASS MEDIA MOTIVATES MALAYSIAN YOUTHS TO ACQUIRE NEW ENGLISH VOCABULARY

# data[].attributes.body
Manifesto

- a written statement declaring publicly the intentions, motives, or views of its issuer
https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/05/12/new-mps-to-push-for-an-elected-mayor-reinstatement-of-local-government-elections-can-be-done-in-next/

Transparent

Dictionary:
- able to be seen through
https://www.merriam-webster.com/

Context:
-  honest and open
https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/05/12/new-mps-to-push-for-an-elected-mayor-reinstatement-of-local-government-elections-can-be-done-in-next/

Electorate

- the people who can vote in an election
https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/05/12/new-mps-to-push-for-an-elected-mayor-reinstatement-of-local-government-elections-can-be-done-in-next/

Dissolved

Dictionary:
- to cause to pass into solution
https://www.merriam-webster.com/

Context:
- to bring to an end , to terminate
https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2018/04/355419/dissolution-and-numbers-game

Electoral battleground

- an area of conflict or disagreement that occur between the political parties
https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2018/04/355419/dissolution-and-numbers-game

# data[].attributes.body
In today era, studies show that social media play a significant role in influencing political discourse around the world. These platform are manipulating the nature of online participation in which the audience are not just passively reading web content, but are also contributing to and creating the content. This study examines new English vocabularies acquired by Malaysian youth, and investigate which social media platform are responsible in exposing Malaysian youth to acquiring new English vocabularies during the 14 th Malaysian General Election. The data collected are from questionnaires distributed among 60 undergraduates of Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam.

This study found ___

*(1) findings*
*(2)significance*

Keywords: Social media platform; Twitter; Facebook; content analysis; political discourse; election

# data[].attributes.body
1. Grassroots members - https://twitter.com/malaysiakini/status/994973060192124928
2. Reign of tyranny& kleptocracy -  https://twitter.com/NerdKid_94/status/994602049810579457
3. The Council of Elders - https://twitter.com/dmingthing/status/995212806944276482
4. Throw her hat into the ring
5. Three way fight
6. Different colour
7. Organic
8. Multi cornered fight/4 ways fight
9. Unseating
10. Deep shit/Filthy

# data[].attributes.body
1. Young guns
2. Malay tsunami
3. Chinese tsunami
4. A tale of two rallies
5. Mother of all polls

# data[].attributes.body
A) HAZWANI

Find 1 article

LITERATURE REVIEW ARTICLE #1: Words Are Learned Incrementally Over Multiple Exposures

3-4 sentence summary

-> A full and flexible knowledge of a word involves an understanding of the core meaning of a word and how it changes in different contexts.
-> This involves exposure to the word in multiple contexts from different perspectives.

critical review from article

Yes, we can understand that our knowledge on words depends on the exposures we received as the meaning of the words can change according to different contexts and exposures received but what kind of context and exposures? If we relate this to our RO and RQ, the answer would be the environment of the election season. but how? and why? is it because of the frequency of the words appear or the youth attitude of which they felt an urge to find out the meaning of the new words he/she saw from the platform? This article is quite on the surface. A deeper research should follows up.
-------

B) IWANI

Find 1 article

3-4 sentence summary

critical review from article

-------
C) LYDERIANY

Find 1 article https://ac.els-cdn.com/S187704281405770X/1-s2.0-S187704281405770X-main.pdf?_tid=31a6d257-3069-428e-b262-97870b01aef5&acdnat=1524584192_d74d0d9855cdc4f92bc0414dfc6c355c

3-4 sentence summary

HOW/WHY SOCIAL MEDIA USERS UTILIZED GE13 HASTAG:
Previous study by Mohd Faizal, Kasmani, Rosidayu, Sabran, NorAdzrah, and Ramle (2014) examines how the members of the public and social media Twitter users utilized the #PRU13 hastag followed, discussed and commented on the 2013 Malaysian General Election (GE13). Their study found that lack of diversity inthe discussion on Twitter, where the tweets that supports Barisan National coalition dominates the hastag #PRU13 compared with the opposition group, however, this domination did not reflect its vote share in the actual election due to the existence of new-media users on Twitter that are mostly not active or responsible members of political communicties so their contribution to the hastag #PRU13 political discussion on Twitter are mostly framed as rumour, attack, or cynical game.

critical review from article

1. The line between informing people and sharing common feelings and attitudes that frequently represent the characteristic of the social network communication becomes blurred.
2. The interaction and participation are based on subjective preferences and viewpoints and they are articulated and linked to others, re/producing webs of intersubjectivity.

# data[].attributes.body
A)    Research Objectives

1.      To identify new English vocabularies that are acquired by Malaysian youth during General Election (GE) season in Malaysia.

2.      To investigate which social media platform are responsible in exposing Malaysian youth to new English vocabularies during General Election (GE) season in Malaysia.

B)    Research Questions

1.      What are the new English vocabularies that are acquired by Malaysian youth during the General Election (GE) season in Malaysia?

2.      Which social media platform are responsible in exposing Malaysian youth to new English vocabularies during General Election (GE) season in Malaysia?

# data[].attributes.body
i) How words are learned according to different exposures

ii) What are the words/terms that been used during election months

iii) How/Why Social Media Users Utilized Election #PRU13 Hashtag

# data[].attributes.headline
Possible Words found in Newspaper regarding the Election

# data[].attributes.subject
Possible Words found in Newspaper regarding the Election

# data[].attributes.body
1. Manifesto - a written statement declaring publicly the intentions, motives, or views of its issuer

2. *Transparent - able to be seen through (i)
-  honest and open (ii)

3. Electorate - the people who can vote in an election

4. *Streamlined - a smooth or flowing line designed as if for decreasing air resistance (i)
- to put in order (ii)

5. *Dissolved - to cause to pass into solution (i)
- to bring to an end , to terminate (ii)

6. Election Commission - independent agency responsible for administering and enforcing laws that cover federal election campaigns

7. Polling day - a day on which elections for public office are held

8. Electoral battleground - an area of conflict or disagreement that occur between the political parties

9. Clash of politics - a sharp conflict on the political views

10. The wave of populist support - a surging movement of a group that support a political party claiming to represent the common people

# data[].attributes.body
This newspaper article is basically discussing on the election of the new Mayor of Kuala Lumpur, and the position might be fill up by the chosen MP from the local government elections. The writer also included the views from the MPs from around Kuala Lumpur district regarding this matter. In this articles, many words that are related to the election season in Malaysia, such as 'manifesto', 'transparent', 'electorate' and 'streamlined'.

# data[].attributes.headline
Newspaper Article: New MPs to Push for An Elected Mayor

# data[].attributes.subject
Newspaper Article: New MPs to Push for An Elected Mayor

# data[].attributes.body
The newly elected members of Parliament in Kuala Lumpur will push for local government elections as part of its first 100-day manifesto.
.
For 20 years, MPs from the Opposition, which is now the new Federal Government, collectively championed local government elections for a more transparent and accountable system of governance at Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL).
.
“We need an elected mayor who is answerable to their electorate and will pay more attention to the needs of the people and not to those who appointed them".
.
“Then, the Federal Territory Acts will need to be streamlined with the Local Government Acts whereby the decision-making powers are not centralised with the mayor,” he said.

https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/05/12/new-mps-to-push-for-an-elected-mayor-reinstatement-of-local-government-elections-can-be-done-in-next/

# data[].attributes.body
This newspaper article is basically reporting the situation in Malaysia after the dissolved of Dewan Rakyat. The writer of the article is informing the locals about the possibilities that can be seen during the election day soon. In this article, many words or phrases that related to the election season in Malaysia can be found, such as 'dissolved', 'Election Commission', 'electoral battleground', 'clash of politics' and 'the wave of populist support'

# data[].attributes.headline
Newspaper Article: Dissolution and The Number Games

# data[].attributes.subject
Newspaper Article: Dissolution and The Number Games

# data[].attributes.body
THE Dewan Rakyat is dissolved. The Election Commission (EC) is finalising the nomination date for candidates and the date for polling day — anytime within the next 60 days.

.
The electoral battleground is laid as Malaysia enters its 14th General Election (GE14), arguably its most important since the country gained independence from Britain in 1957. The fact that the opposition has reduced the GE14 into a battle between personalities instead of issues is a sad indictment of the state of the opposition’s politics, especially with the emergence of Pakatan Harapan (PH).
.
Poor and ineffective opposition is bad for democracy, especially in a rapidly changing world dominated by social media, the digital revolution and rising inequality between states and individuals within societies. Added to that is the “clash of politics” where traditional politics seems to have been displaced by disillusionment with mainstream politics and the establishment, as characterised by the wave of populist support which resulted in Donald Trump being elected as the 44th US president.

https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2018/04/355419/dissolution-and-numbers-game

# data[].attributes.body
Ediger, M. (2002, October 28). Vocabulary Development and the Curriculum. Retrieved May 2, 2018, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473483.pdf

Shows the importance of newly acquired vocabularies and the examples of new words that are been associated with the election season. The words are taken from various social studies areas.

# data[].attributes.body
collection by 2nd May 2017

1. Final Battle

2. Golden Opportunity

3. EC

4. Mother of all polls

5. cast votes

6. Young guns

7. Parliament dissolve

8.

9. Malay tsunami

10. A tale of two rallies
11. Chinese tsunami

# data[].attributes.body
Ediger (2002) discussed on the reasons why students need to step up their vocabularies game and the importance of acquiring new words. The students will eventually increase their communication skills with the help from the newly acquire words. Ediger also included some of the words that are being associated with the election season. The examples of those words are 'democracy', 'congress', and 'candidates'.

# data[].attributes.headline
Opinion Paper: Vocabulary Development and the Curriculum

# data[].attributes.subject
Opinion Paper: Vocabulary Development and the Curriculum

# data[].attributes.body
Pupils need to continually strengthen their vocabularies. Why? A person can communicate more accurately by possessing a rich vocabulary be it in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Then too, pupils need a well developed vocabulary which is integrated across the entire curriculum. People are limited what they can learn if a weak vocabulary is in the offing. What is listened to then just does not make sense in selected cases. An improved listening vocabulary improves comprehension of diverse ideas presented by the speaker.
.
Vital political science vocabulary terms include state and federal government, Bill of Rights, voting, candidates, democracy, citizenship, community service, civic responsibilities, laws, executive, judicial, and congress.

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED473483.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
- We want to understand this phenomenology that happen during GE times where youth uses social media to publish and acquire new information, and to engage in discussion.
- By using time & environment as our variables, we want to compare the different way youth acquire new information regarding GE and the way they engage in discussion between GE13 and GE14.

# data[].attributes.body
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Rationale

# data[].attributes.body
The discussion about the purpose of social media in influencing exposure to various perspectives among its users are pertinent to the argument of vigorous democracy. This expose the potential of Internet-based media to create a vibrant public sphere, which is a key concept in today political discourse. According to Rasmussen (2013), another important potential of social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter is their ability to encourage interest of youth in politics. Through political information that they received from these social media platform, Baumgartner and Morris (2009) claimed that social media platform offer and opportunity to this previously detached youth to become involved in politics.These platforms allow their users to participate actively in contributing and creating their views and ideas to each other, as well as acquiring new information and phrases and words, which is a contrast to traditional media such as the news or television play, which function in a one-way communication. As a result, many argue that it is impossible to define a clear worldview of social media discourse as a “similar worldviews may be shared within a group, but may be compatible between them” (Sobkowicz & Sobkowicz, 2012).

This study examines how Malaysian youth acquired new English vocabularies from the influence of social media platform during the 2014 Malaysian General Election (GE14). According to Smeltzer and Keddy (2010), as country with limited freedom of press, studies show that citizens often turn to alternative forms of media to “express dissent, connect with like-minded individuals, and organize.”

Therefore, since there are no exact studies that look into the actual capability of the social media influence towards Malaysian youth acquiring new English vocabularies, this study hope to explore the following questions: Which social media platform are responsible in exposing Malaysian youth to new English vocabularies during the Malaysian General Election (GE14)? And what are those new English vocabularies that they acquired during this season in Malaysia?

# data[].attributes.body
1. Multi-cornered fights

Dictionary:
- Multi =  More than one; many.
- Cornered = Having a specified number of corners.
- Fights =  Endeavour vigorously to win (an election or other contest).
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com

Context Meaning:
- Where more than four in five candidates will be facing off in three-or more-cornered fights at one location.
- E.g: BN vs PKR vs PAS vs WARISAN
https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/malaysia-ge-to-see-multi-cornered-fights-in-most-seats

2. Throw her hat into the ring

Dictionary & Context:
- To announce or make known one's intention to compete against others for something, especially in a political race.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/throw-your-hat-into-the-ring

3. The Council of Elders

Dictionary:
- Council = An advisory, deliberative, or administrative body of people formally constituted and meeting regularly.
‘an official human rights council’
- Elders = (of one or more out of a group of associated people) of a greater age.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com

Context Meaning:
- Dr Mahathir has admitted to mooting the idea of a "council of elders" to advise a Prime Minister, who would replace Najib Razak as it would allow the new PM to listen to different opinions.
http://says.com/my/imho/dr-mahathir-s-council-of-elders-plan

4. Reign of tyranny

Dictionary:
- Reign = The period of rule of a monarch.
- Tyranny = Cruel, unreasonable, or arbitrary use of power or control.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com

Context Meaning:
- Period of the post PM DS Najib's misused of power* false ruling for the past 8 years
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/may/15/tyranny-malaysia-anwar-ibrahim-barisan-nasional-party

5. Organic

Dictionary:
- Denoting or characterized by a harmonious relationship between the elements of a whole.
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com

Context Meaning:
- It is an organic politics that is based on grassroots education, not mass mobilization. The power it primarily seeks is empowerment of citizens rather than the election of officials -- citizens who can freely associate and mutually support each other with a view toward re-empowering the public as a whole.
http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bookchin/politics.html

# data[].attributes.body
Kasmani, M. F., Sabran, R., & Ramle, N. (2014, November 6). Can Twitter be an Effective Platform for Political Discourse in Malaysia? A Study of #PRU13. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 155, 348-355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.304

Discusses how the members of the public who utilized the #PRU13 hashtag followed, discussed and commented on the 2013 Malaysian general election. Includes relevant findings about the statistic of how frequent the members of public were engage the #PRU13 hashtag. Addresses and discusses the various findings regarding the reasons behind the statistics.

# data[].attributes.body
Stahl, S. A. (2003). Words Are Learned Incrementally Over Multiple Exposures. Retrieved from http://ici-bostonready-pd-2009-2010.wikispaces.umb.edu/file/view/Research+Roundup+on+Vocabulary.pdf

Knowledge on words depends on the exposures a person received as the meaning of the words can change according to different contexts and exposures received.

# data[].attributes.body
A small positive or negative change in the value of a variable.

# data[].attributes.headline
LITERATURE REVIEW ARTICLE #1: Words Are Learned Incrementally Over Multiple Exposures

# data[].attributes.subject
LITERATURE REVIEW ARTICLE #1: Words Are Learned Incrementally Over Multiple Exposures

# data[].attributes.body
URL: http://ici-bostonready-pd-2009-2010.wikispaces.umb.edu/file/view/Research+Roundup+on+Vocabulary.pdf

Abstract/ introduction:
We live in a sea of words. Most of these words are known to us, either as very familiar or at least as somewhat familiar. Ordinarily, when we encounter a word we don’t know, we skip it, especially if the word is not needed to make sense of what we are reading (Stahl, 1991). But we remember something about the words that we skip. This something could be where we saw it, something about the context where it appeared, or some other aspect. This information is in memory, but the memory is not strong enough to be accessible to our conscious mind. As we encounter a word repeatedly, more and more information accumulates about that word until we have a vague notion of what it "means." As we get more information, we are able to define that word. In fact, McKeown, Beck, Omanson, and Pople (1985) found that while four encounters with a word did not reliably improve reading comprehension, 12 encounters did.

SUMMARY:

-> A full and flexible knowledge of a word involves an understanding of the core meaning of a word and how it changes in different contexts.
-> This involves exposure to the word in multiple contexts from different perspectives.

CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE ARTICLE:

Yes, we can understand that our knowledge on words depends on the exposures we received as the meaning of the words can change according to different contexts and exposures received but what kind of context and exposures? If we relate this to our RO and RQ, the answer would be the environment of the election season. but how? and why? is it because of the frequency of the words appear or the youth attitude of which they felt an urge to find out the meaning of the new words he/she saw from the platform? This article is quite on the surface. A deeper research should follows up.

# data[].attributes.body
Research Objective:
1. To identify new words that are acquired by Malaysian youth through the election season in Malaysia.
2. To list down what are the platforms that had been exposing Malaysian youth in acquiring new words through the election season in Malaysia.

*
*
*

Research Questions:
1. What are the new words that are acquired by Malaysian youth through the election season in Malaysia?
2. What are the platforms that had been exposing Malaysian youth in acquiring new words through the election season in Malaysia?

*
*
*

# data[].attributes.body
Source: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S187704281405770X/1-s2.0-S187704281405770X-main.pdf?_tid=9f0f4139-164b-401a-b786-1d7d35fd9a28&acdnat=1524580917_6a710153848fcefc9e9e5eab674100df

Anstead and O'Loughlin’s (2011) study of real-time audience commentary on an episode of the BBC programme Question Time, shows that viewers use social media to publish and acquire new information, and to engage in discussion.

The research shows that citizens’ access to Twitter electronically empowers them to be actively involved in democratic activities.

This encourages more public discussions about politics and makes the democratic process more dynamic than on the traditional media.

# data[].attributes.body
1) Title: Can Twitter be an Effective Platform for Political Discourse in Malaysia? A Study of #PRU13

This article examines how the members of the public who utilized the #PRU13 hashtag followed, discussed and commented on the 2013 Malaysian general election.

Abstract:  Studies show that social media play an important role in shaping political discourse. Applications of Web 2.0, particularly Twitter, are currently influencing the nature of online participation in which the audience is not merely passively reading web content, but is actually contributing to and creating the content. This study examines communication on Twitter during the 13th Malaysian General Election based on Twitter messages collected under the #PRU13 hashtag. The analyzed dataset is collected from Twitter’s public timeline from May 1 to May 6, 2013. This study found lack of diversity in the discussion on Twitter sphere in which tweets that are pro-Barisan National coalition dominates the #pru13. Based on the communication patterns, however, #PRU13 constitute a multifaceted group of commenters who seek to persuade, educate, provoke and so on.

Finding:

1. The results of the content analysis of the most prominent hashtag during the 2013 Malaysian general elections
demonstrate that tweets that are pro-Barisan National coalition dominates the Twitter sphere.

2.  The results of the content analysis of the most prominent hashtag during the 2013 Malaysian general elections demonstrate that the Barisan National coalition has absolute domination of the Twitter sphere compared with the opposition group, but this domination did not reflect its vote share in the election.

3.  The content analysis shows that posts from 58 of the accounts were mainly pro-BN and only two showed support for opposition groups. Based on this, one could argue that the reasons that may have contributed to the failure of the #PRU13 hashtag to reflect the vote share in the election was the deluge of messages produced by what appears to be bots or cyborgs instead of human beings.

4.  The homogenous characteristic of Twitter communication reveals some pertinent issues: the extent to which the Internet plays an active role in diversity of communication on the Internet and social media stimulate democratic discourse.

5.  The result of this study is, to some extent, in line with the argument put forward by Gurevitch, Stephen Coleman and Jay G. Blumler (2009, p. 177), which explains that new-media users are mostly not active and responsible members of political communities. Rather, political discussion is mostly framed as rumour, attack, or a cynical game. The findings of the analysis are also characterised by Mancini’s (2013) argument that the line between informing people and sharing common feelings and attitudes that frequently represent the characteristic of the social network communication becomes blurred. The interaction and participation are based on subjective pref¬erences and viewpoints and they are articulated and linked to others, re/producing webs of intersubjectivity (Rasmussen, 2013).

Source: https://ac.els-cdn.com/S187704281405770X/1-s2.0-S187704281405770X-main.pdf?_tid=9f0f4139-164b-401a-b786-1d7d35fd9a28&acdnat=1524580917_6a710153848fcefc9e9e5eab674100df

----------------

C) LYDERIANY

Find 1 article https://ac.els-cdn.com/S187704281405770X/1-s2.0-S187704281405770X-main.pdf?_tid=31a6d257-3069-428e-b262-97870b01aef5&acdnat=1524584192_d74d0d9855cdc4f92bc0414dfc6c355c

3-4 sentence summary

HOW/WHY SOCIAL MEDIA USERS UTILIZED GE13 HASTAG:

Previous study by Mohd Faizal, Kasmani, Rosidayu, Sabran, NorAdzrah, and Ramle (2014) examines how the members of the public and social media Twitter users utilized the #PRU13 hastag followed, discussed and commented on the 2013 Malaysian General Election (GE13). Their study found that lack of diversity inthe discussion on Twitter, where the tweets that supports Barisan National coalition dominates the hastag #PRU13 compared with the opposition group, however, this domination did not reflect its vote share in the actual election due to the existence of new-media users on Twitter that are mostly not active or responsible members of political communicties so their contribution to the hastag #PRU13 political discussion on Twitter are mostly framed as rumour, attack, or cynical game.

critical review from article

1. The line between informing people and sharing common feelings and attitudes that frequently represent the characteristic of the social network communication becomes blurred.

2. The interaction and participation are based on subjective preferences and viewpoints and they are articulated and linked to others, re/producing webs of intersubjectivity.

# data[].attributes.body
The Internet and Social Media Sites in Politics
- Hennen, 2016
- Baumgartner & Morris, 2009
- Hendricks, 2013 * KIV
- Wang, 2010 * KIV

The Usage of Hashtags
- Conover, et al., 2011
- Kasmani, Sabran, & Ramle, 2014 (from Fany)

Vocabulary Development
- Ediger, 2002
- Stahl, 2003 (from Wanie)