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1. Pika
. loosely inspired the character Pikachu for the Pokemon franchise
. they are closely related to the rabbit and hare despite the initial conclusion that they are rodents based on their appearance
. they mainly live in the mountainous regions in Asia and have two species in North America
. they are herbivores and feed on shrubs, moss , and lichen
2. Caribou(Reindeer)
. their average life span is 15 years
. the Caribou are the only type of deer where both the female and male species have antlers
. they travel more than 600 miles during their annual migration
. Caribou perform ruts where two males fight by butting antlers to establish dominance. When one caribou wins, the caribou gets mate with the females of the group, usually between 5-15, since they are polygynous maters.
3. Lemmings
. there is a common misconception that lemmings jump off of cliffs to commit suicide, which is not true. Rather, they have migratory behaviors that lead them to jump.
. A Disney documentary on Lemmings actually forced the Lemmings they were filming with to jump off the cliffs, feeding into the hysteria that the Lemmings commit mass suicide.
. their bodies are stout in order to retain heat
. their front teeth grow continuously in order to eat tougher forage
4. Arctic Fox
. they have deep, thick fur, along with stout bodies in order to endure cold teperatures up to -58*F
. Lemmings are a staple food for Arctic Foxes
. in times of scarcity in the wild, they are reduced to eating their own feces
.in the summer, when the snow melts, their fur starts to turn black
5. Snowy Owl
. This owl was the pet used in the Harry Potter Franchise as Harry's pet
. They swallow their prey whole
. On average, they have a 4-5 foot wingspan
. the arctic summer forces them to hunt during the day, making them dinural instead of nocturnal, like most owls
. Most of these owls eat Lemmings and other small Rodents, but have other sources of food, such as rabbits,weasels, and geese
. they have heavy feathers to insulate heat and have a large wingspan to accelerate while flying and approach prey without making noise

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Average Yearly Rainfall: Arctic tundra:  6-10 inches(15-25 centimeters), Alpine Tundra: about 12 inches(30 centimeters)
Seasonal Temperature Range:
. Average Winter Temperature: -34*C(-30*F)
. Average Summer Temperature:
3*C-12*C(37-54*F)
In the arctic, the summer lasts for 50-60 days when the sun shines almost 24/7, and plants and animals use this season to gather nutrients and grow before the harsh winter months. In the Alpine tundra, it lasts for about 180 days, but it is at higher altitudes.
Places that this biome inhabits: This biome is located at the polar ice caps at the North Pole and South Pole. These places include Northern Russia, Sweden, Northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Northern Scandinavia(these are only some of the places that the tundra biome exists in )

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1. Xanthoria(lichen)
. can survive in up to -460*F(-273.3 *C)
. sensitive to pollution so are used to test the air quality by scientists
. a combination of fungi and algae to create lichen
. adaptation: has a thick structure and makes itself hard to spot, which decreases the frequency of it being eaten by caribou
2. Arctic Willlow
. live in open and dry places
. usually 15-20 cm tall
. to adapt to permafrost, the plant has shallow roots and has tiny hairs to adapt to the cold
. it's predator is the Arctic Hare
3. Tufted Saxifrage
. can grow 3-15 cm high
. has small fruit with tons of seeds
. grows on rocky terrain
. well adapted root system stores carbohydrates for colder months
4. Bearberry
. has silky hairs and thick roots
. hairs on leaves keep it warm
. flowers are usually pink or white in color
. gets its name from the red berries that bears love to eat
. bloom between March and June
5. Pasque Flowers
. colors range from deep lavender to a near white color
. grow 6-8 inches of the ground
. commonly used to treat eye diseases
. usually doesn't have any predators
. fine, silky hairs help to insulate it

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pasque flower

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bearberry

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tufted saxifrage

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Pika

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caribou

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snowy owl

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1. Noneconomic benefits
. the tundra serves as the Earth's carbon sink, which traps the carbon underneath its permafrost and if this biome were to be eliminated, tons of carbon would be released and permeate in the atmosphere
. this biome contributes greatly to the biodiversity of the Earth
. the biome plays a huge rule in temperature regulation of the earth, keeping it cool, similar to homeostasis in the body
. this biome allows scientists to study evolutionary adaptations to such a harsh climate
. the tundra contains 68.7% of the worlds freshwater in its ice and glaciers

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. the tundra contains largely unexplored natural resources that can help divert the current energy crisis, but only with regulated utilization of resources
. provide a breath- taking experience for tourists visiting the region, such as campers and skiers
. Hunting from a diverse array of animals not seen in the the Temperate Deciduous Forest, such as Caribou, Snowy Owls, etc.

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. The polar ice caps are melting due to a variety of reasons:
. unregulated oil drilling and digging for natural resources exposes the permafrost, which allows carbon dioxide to seep out from the permafrost and warm up the environment
. global warming is causing the polar ice caps to melt, thus perpetuating rising ocean levels and the loss of habitat for many animals, including the widely adored polar bear
. ozone depletion near the two poles causes the increase of ultraviolet rays melting the biome
. air pollution causes smog, which contaminates lichen and reflects poorly on the environment

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. Find alternative energy sources such as solar, geothermal, wind, etc
. respect local cultures and limit tourism
. establish restricted areas and park reserves
. limit road construction building, pipeline building, and mining

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Food Chain Organisms:
. Liverworts-Producer
. Pika- Primary Consumer
. Arctic wolf- Secondary Consumer
. Polar Bear- Tertiary Consumer

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Animals Made For Winter in Gates of the Arctic | America's National Parks

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What If All The Ice Melted On Earth? ft. Bill Nye