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Exercise about using ‘despite’, ‘however’ and ‘although’.

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Flo-Joe.

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Exercise about using linking words to talk about reason.

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CAE Writing Class: Linking Words

Reason

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word given. Use no more than SIX words and do not change the form of the word in capitals. There are EIGHT questions in all.

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Created with Hot Potatoes by Half-Baked Software, registered to Flo-Joe.

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Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first using the word given. Use no more than SIX words and do not change the form of the word in capitals. There are EIGHT questions in all.

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Clauses of contrast

Although, even though

We can use although/even though at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence followed by a clause (subject + verb). We NEVER use a comma after although or event though.

However

We use however to connect two different sentences. We normally use however at the beginning of the second sentence after a full stop (.) or a semi-colon (;). However is ALWAYS followed by a comma.

We can also use however at the end of the sentence.

Despite/in spite of

Despite and in spite of are normally followed by a noun or a - ing verb. They can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.

We can use a clause (subject + verb) after despite/in spite of + the fact that.

Clauses of purpose

To + infinitive

The most common way to express purpose in English is to + infinitive.

In order to/so as to + infinitive

In order to or so as to + infinitive are more common in formal English, mainly in writing. The negative forms are in order not to and so as not to + infinitive.

We can also use the structure in order for someone/something to do something.

So that + clause

We can also use so that + subject + verb to express purpose. We normally use a modal verb with this connector, e.g. could, can, would, etc.

For + noun

We can also use for + noun to express purpose.

We can use for + - ing verb (instead of to + infinitive) to talk about the purpose of an object or action when we use the verb used or when we imply it.

In case + clause

To express purpose, we can also use in case+ subject + verb. We use this form to talk about precautions, when we do something because something not wanted might happen.

Clauses of reason

When we want to explain the reason why something happened or why someone did something, we use a clause of reason introduced by a conjunction ( as, since, because) or a noun phrase introduced by because of, due to, owing to, or on account of.

Because

We use because before a clause (subject + verb). It can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence (at the end is more common). A comma is used when the clause of reason is at the beginning of the sentence.

As/since

We use as and since in a very similar way to because. They are followed by subject + verb and can be used at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. However, as and since are more formal expressions, and more common in written than in spoken English.

Because of

We use because of before a noun.

Due to/owing to/on account of

We can also use before a noun. They mean 'because of' but are more formal.

Clauses of result

We use clauses of result to talk about the result of an action or situation.

So

We can use so + subject + verb at the end of a sentence to mean 'this is why'.

For this reason

We normally use for this reason at the beginning of a sentence. We use a comma after it.

As a result/consequently/therefore

As a result, c onsequently and therefore are more formal and more common in written language. They are normally used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma.

We can also use consequently and therefore in mid position (before the verb, after be as the main verb, or after the first auxiliary verb).

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result - Test-English

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Clauses of contrast, purpose, reason and result. Advanced English grammar and exercises. In spite of, despite, although, in order to, so as to, due to, etc.

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Copyright 1998 by Giovana Teixeira Campos ( giovana@ccbeunet.br) This quiz is part of the HTML-Only Self-Study Quizzes which is part of Activities for ESL Students, a project by The Internet TESL Journal.

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Connectors and linking words - exercises

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Conjunctions - Connectors and linking words exercises. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Advanced level exercises in English

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Advanced Grammar | Linking Words | esl-lounge Student