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HPRS 2300 - Unit 2 Lecture Notes

Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptor. Science Direct. (n.d.). from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/alpha-2-adrenergic-receptor.

Mandal, A. (2019, April 9). What is Dopamine? News Medical. from https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Dopamine.aspx.

Bacsi, Attila et al. “Pathophysiology of bronchoconstriction: role of oxidatively damaged DNA repair.” Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology vol. 16,1 (2016): 59-67. doi:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000232

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
- phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
- ephedrine

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
- prazosin (Minipress®)

- terazosin (Hytrin®)
- doxazosin (Carduraâ®)

Adrenergic Agonists
- epinephrine (Adrenalin®)

Beta -1 Adrenergic Agonists
-  dobutamine

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
- formoterol (Foradil®)

- salmeterol (Serevent®)
- albuterol (Proventilâ®/Ventolinâ®)

- terbutaline (Brethine®)

Selective Beta-1 Blockers
- atenolol (Tenormin®)

- metoprolol (Lopressor®)

Non-selective Beta Blockers
- propanolol (Inderal®)

- timolol (Blocadren®)
- nadolol (Corgardâ®)

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Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- acetylcholine
- pilocarpine (Pilocar® )
- bethanechol (Urecholine®)

Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
- dicyclomine (Bentyl®)
- ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®)
- atropine

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Drug Classifications and Interactions for the parasympathetic

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Drug Classifications and Interactions for the parasympathetic

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Direct –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- They directly stimulate/bind to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division
- The drugs  under this classification can be used for urinary retention, ileus/intestinal stasis, glaucomamiosis, cataract and other eye surgeries.

Indirect –Acting Cholinergic Agonists
- They inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse.
-  The drugs under this classification can be used for urinary retention and intestinal stasis/ileus, reversal of anticholinergic- rocuronium bromide.

Anticholinergics/Parasympatholytics
- It binds to a cholinergic receptor and acts as a blocking drug; competitive antagonism.
-  The drugs under this classification can be used for antidote for cholinergic poisoning, bronchodilation, and decreases GI secretions and motility.

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Drug Classifications and Interactions for the Sympathetic

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Drug Classifications and Interactions for the Sympathetic

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists
- The alpha-1 receptor is stimulated.
- The drugs under this classification can increase circulation of vital organs, increase BP or promote decongestion.

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs
- It binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them.
-  The drugs under this classification can cause hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Adrenergic Agonists
- It Stimulates all alpha and beta receptors.
- The drugs under this classification can aid in severe allergic reactions/anaphylaxis, shock, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Beta -1 Adrenergic Agonists
- A low dose stimulates dopaminergic (d-1), a moderate dose stimulates  beta 1 receptors, and a high dose- stimulates alpha-1 receptors.
- The drugs under this classification can be used as a treatment of shock, increases blood pressure, and increases heart function.

Selective Beta-1 Blockers
- The beta-1 receptor is blocked.
- The drugs under this classification can be used for hypertension (HTN), angina, arrhythmias, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (lowers IOP), and heart failure. (decreases sympathetic activity)

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
- It stimulates beta 2 receptors.
- The drugs under this classification can be used for asthma, respiratory illness/disease, and preterm labor

Non-selective Beta Blockers
- It blocks beta-1 and beta-2 receptors.
- The drugs under this classification can be used for HTN, arrhythmias, angina, tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma (lowers IOP), and heart failure.

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- Muscarinic
They are located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands.
- Nicotinic 1 (Nn)
They are located at the ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves. (synapse area)
- Nicotinic 2 (Nm)
They are located at the somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.  (If stimulated, muscle contracts)

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- Alpha 1
They are located on Glands, Smooth Muscles, Eyes, and most Arteries and Veins.
- Alpha 2
They are located on both pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
(Apart of relaxation and Inhibition which is a parasympathetic response.)
- Beta 1
They are located on the heart.
- Beta 2
They are located on smooth muscle, Lungs, Skeletal muscle arteries, Coronary Arteries, and Uterus.

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Organ Responses When Stimulated By Parasympathetic  Division

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Organ Responses When Stimulated By Parasympathetic  Division

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- Adrenal Medulla
None
- Arteries
Most are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves
- Heart
Decrease Heart Rate and AV Conduction
- Intestines, GI Track, Secretions
Increased
- Postganglionic Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine Released
- Pupil of Eye
Constriction
- Respiratory Passage, Lower
Bronchoconstriction  (tightened smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi)
- Urinary Bladder
Contraction
- Urinary Sphincter
Relaxation

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Organ Responses When Stimulated By Sympathetic Division

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Organ Responses When Stimulated By Sympathetic Division

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- Adrenal Medulla
Release of Epinephrine
- Arteries
Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
- Heart
Increase Heart Rate and AV Conduction
- Intestines, GI Motility, Secretions
Decreased
- Postganglionic Neurotransmitter
Norepineffrine Released
- Pupil of Eye
Dilation
- Respiratory Passage, Lower
Bronchodilation (relaxing the muscles in the lungs)
- Urinary Bladder
Relaxation
- Urinary Sphincter
Contraction

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Release Sites for the Neurotransmitters For The  Parasympathetic  Division

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Release Sites for the Neurotransmitters For The  Parasympathetic  Division

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- Acetylcholine (ACH)
It is released at at ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings.

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Release Sites for the Neurotransmitters For The Sympathetic Division

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Release Sites for the Neurotransmitters For The Sympathetic Division

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- Acetylcholine (ACH)
It is released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings.
- Norepinephrine (NE)
It is released at postganglionic nerve endings and released by adrenal medulla and neurons.
- Epinephrine (EPI)
It is released by adrenal medulla.
- Dopamine (DA)
It is released by the hypothalamus.

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 Neurotransmitters For The Parasympathetic  Division

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 Neurotransmitters For The Parasympathetic  Division

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- Acetylcholine (ACH)

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 Neurotransmitters For The Sympathetic Division

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 Neurotransmitters For The Sympathetic Division

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- Acetylcholine (ACH)-cholinergic

- Norepinephrine (NE)-adrenergic

- Epinephrine (EPI)-adrenergic

- Dopamine (DA)

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It's other name is the Cholinergic System.
- It is controls the rest and digest.
- It is responsible for Restoration of energy stores.

- It is also needed for balance.

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Also known as the Adrenergic Nervous System
- It is responsible for fight, fright, flight.
- It regulates the body in Stressful Situations.