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Sally Kristen Ride was born in 1951, the 20 of may in Los Angeles and died the July 23 of  2012 of pancreatic cancer in San Diego with just 61 years old. She is an American astrophysicist and astronaut.

She was going at a primary private school, the Westlake school for Girls of Los Angeles. She was interested in science and she was also a great national tennis player. She entered Swarthmore College before joining Stanford University. She obtained a bachelor’s degree in English and Physics, a master’s degree from the same university in 1975 and then a doctorate (PhD) in physics in 1978, while conducting research in astrophysics and the physics of free electron lasers.

She was married from 1982 to 1987 to Steven Hawley, also a NASA astronaut. After her death, Tam O'Shaughnessy, a professor at San Diego State University with whom she had co-wrote several books , revealed that she had been her companion for twenty-seven years.

Sally Ride is famous for being the first American woman in space and first LGBT astronaut.

In 1977, Sally Ride was among the 8 900 candidates who responded to NASA’s recruitment announcement. The American Space Agency opened its recruitment for the first time to women and Sally Ride is one of the six women joining NASA in January 1978. She trained for a year as a mission specialist. She plays the role of capcom («Capsule communicator», ground personnel who ensure the communications with the crews of the missions).

Then she was select as mission specialist for STS-7, which left on June 18, 1983. She became the first American and the third woman to go into space. During the mission, she participated in the deployment of telecommunications satellites. The shuttle landed on June 24th.

Sally Ride also participated as a mission specialist in the STS-41-G mission launched on October 5, 1984. The shuttle crew deploys the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite, conducts scientific observations of the Earth, and conducts a demonstration of hydrazine in-flight refuelling of a satellite. The shuttle landed on 13 October 1984 at the Kennedy Space Center.

In June 1985, a new mission was planned, but the crash of the space shuttle Challenger caused the cancellation of the flight. Sally Ride is assigned by the President to lead the investigation into the accident. After, she was appointed to the NASA staff as special assistant to the director of NASA for strategic and long-term planning.

In 1987, Sally Ride left NASA to work at the Center for International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University in Palo Alto. In 1989, she became a physics teacher at the University of California, San Diego. In 2001, she founded Sally Ride Science, a society whose goal is to encourage elementary and secondary school children to study science, making this fun and interesting. She managed the institution until 2012 and wrote scientific books for children.

Sally Ride is also a member of several national science commissions and a board member of the Aerospace Corporation and the California Institute of Technology.

Eliot Cardaire 1°8

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1. Childhood

Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray, on december 9th 1906 in New York City Grace Hopper, being the oldest of three children. Her father, Walter Murray, was an insurance broker whereas her mother, Mary Van Horne, had a pronounced interest in science and mathematics, which she passed on to her girl. Both Grace's parents accepted that Grace and her sister ought to have an instruction of the same quality as her brother’s.

Grace also liked needlepoint, litteratur and playing the piano. There were certainly signs in Grace's childhood of her interest with machines. When she was seven, she took her alarm clock and completely took it apart to discover and understand how it worked. Incapable of reassembling it, she took apart seven other clocks she found within the house before her mother found out about the situation. During her childhood, Grace was educated at Graham School and Schoonmakers School, both schools exclusively for girls. She failed her Latin examination when trying to enter Vassar College in 1923, which meant that she needed to wait another year, which she spent at Hatridge School in Plainfield, before entering Vassar College in 1924.

2. Family life

Grace Hopper married Vincent Foster Hopper in 1930. He was an English teacher from New York University, but the couple never had any children, and divorced in 1945.

3. Accomplishments

Throughout her life, Grace Hopper was known for her brilliant mind. She started teaching mathematics at Vassar College in 1943, and continued until 1943. She was awarded her doctorate by Yale University in 1934 for her thesis “New Types of Irreducibility Criteria”.

As she was too old and her job as a mathematics teacher was considered essential, she had to persuade the Naval Reserve to accept her in 1943. After being commissioned as a Lieutenant, Grace Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at the Cruft Laboratories at Harvard University. From 1944, she worked with Aiken on the Harvard Mark I computer. By the end of the war, Grace Hopper was working on the Hrvard Mark II computer. In 1946, she ended her active duty in the Navy, staying on as a duty reservist. She remained at Harvard where she was appointed a Research Fellow in Engineering Sciences and Applied physics in the Computation Laboratory. She continued to work on the Mark II, then later on the Mark III computer. Grace Hopper was involved in the development of UNIVAC, the first all-electronic digital computer. She created the very first computer compiler, which is a program that translates written instructions into code that computers can understand. This work led her to co-develop the COBOL, one of the earliest standardised computer languages.Thanks to these technological advances, Grace Hopper received numerous honorary degrees (40), from Yale University… In 1991, she received the National Medal of Technology
Ronan Torbey

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Amelia Mary Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas on July 24 1897. She defied traditional gender roles from a young age. She played basketball, took an auto repair course and briefly attended college.

Earhart was an American aviator who set many flying records and championed the advancement of women in aviation. She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, and the first person ever to fly solo from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland.

During a flight to circumnavigate the globe, Earhart disappeared somewhere over the Pacific in July 1937. Her plane wreckage was never found, and she was officially declared lost at sea. Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the twentieth century.

Marc Handouka 1e 8

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Abigail Adams was born in 1744, the 17 of July and died the October 28 of 1818. She was the wife of the second president of the United States of America, John Adams and his best advisor. She is also known for being the mother of the sixth president of the USA, John Quincy Adams and for having a great commitment in divisive causes.

Born in Weymouth, Massachusetts next to Boston, she gown up in a middle-class family, with a father minister and a mother from a distinguish families from New England. She never received conventional education because of her health so her mother taught her how to read and write. At 17 years old, she met John Adams, a young lawyer and she fell in love. They married in October 24 of 1764.

She had six children but only four lived to adulthood: Nabby, John Quincy, Charles and Thomas Adams.

After the revolutionary war, the Adams family went to Europe because for the father’s job: he was minister in France and in England. Back in USA after this time, John Adams started his political campaign in the Federalists side and became the President after winning the election on March 4, 1797.

Abigail Adams had a big influence on her husband so a lot of politics used to call her ‘Mrs. President’ and not ‘Fist Lady’. She fought for slave rights and women rights, writing to John in 1778 that “you need not be told how much female education is neglected, nor how fashionable it has been to ridicule female learning.”. Abigail also maintained and voiced strong opinions about the political issues and debates of the day, including the Federalist vs. anti-Federalist struggle. While she was having an influence on her husband, she was carrying her children and managing all the white-house’s need so her was a very busy woman.

After this presidency episode, the family retired to Peacefield in Quincy and Abigail started to support her son’s political career. Unfortunately she died on October 28 of 1818 of typhoid fever leaving behind her, a future president of USA and a great exemple of commitment for a women from this time.

Adrien GILBERT 1°8

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Ada Lovelace, (1815, 1852) in London made history in humanity.
Her father was the famous poet Lord Byron and her mother, Anne Isabel Milbank, was a lover of mathematics. Before the young girl became interested in poetry, she immediately devoted herself to the study of mathematics through private lessons, from became one of the most famous women in England and Europe because of her passion and her undisputed talent for mathematics

Ada Lovelace's childhood was not easy. Her health was in danger. She had been ill for a long time and had a conflicting relationship with her mother: she was an authoritarian and often violent woman.  She loved to observe and was extremely curious. At the age of eight she completed a study on the habits of the cat, at ten she devised a system in which her dogs could fly, at eleven she began to observe the movements of Jupiter in the sky, imitating the late Galileo for centuries. He completed his scientific research in a short time

On July 8, 1835 Ada married William King-Noel, Count of Lovelace who later had three children: Byron, Anne Isabella, Ralph Gordon, there were many meetings with Charles Babbage a mathematician philosopher was fascinated by the universality of his ideas and, interested in his work, began to study the methods of calculation  realizable

The analytical machine was created on paper, but was never physically built; however, it was for the later evolution of the computer. Ada had seen artificial intelligence and anticipated the ability of machines to learn and process increasingly complex solutions,. made a new algorithm for calculating numbers; Ada's algorithm is now recognized as the first computer program in history

Amin DAKI 1°8

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Harriet Tubman was a slave, and like many others, she has no precise date of birth, she was born between 1820 and 1825. She was born on a farm near Blackwater, Maryland.

She was born into a very large family, indeed she had eight brothers and sisters, but they had to be separated and sold like all slave families. She then had a very hard adolescence, being passed from master to master as a servant, beaten, insulted, disrespected and discriminated...

With all this violence and repeated beatings, Harriet became ill and her market value as a slave decreased. Her principal owner died, making it easier for her to escape, as she did twice, on 17 September 1849 and some time later.

Once emancipated, our woman took it to heart to rescue other slaves from their conditions, earning her the nickname "Black Moses". In addition, she tried to rebuild her family over the years. As her name began to spread, a large bounty was placed on her head.

During the American Civil War in 1861, she joined the ranks of the Union abolitionists. She helped in any way she could, taking on the role of nurse and cook.

In 1863, she put on her military hat and led maritime operations to raze plantations for slaves.

After the Civil War, she did not stop campaigning for minorities, and in fact she was ahead of her time in the fight for women's suffrage.

She had been ill for some time and died of pneumonia in 1913.

In her honour, her head printed on the American dollar is a project for Joe Biden. There are also buildings in her memory built in her home state, and several artists have created works in her name.

Ulysse Rey

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Marie Salomea Skłodowska Curie was born in Poland on the 7th November 1867 and died in 4 July 1934.
She was the youngest of five children. Growing up the child of two teachers, Marie was taught to read and write early. She was a very bright child and did well in school. She had a sharp memory and worked hard on her studies even though she had a tragic early childhood. Aged 10, Marie's sister died from typhus and two years later her mother died from tuberculosis. Marie's father struggled to support his family, but Marie hoped to go to university. This was an unusual choice for a woman at the time.

Pierre Curie was the love of Marie’s life and her partner in science. They met in 1894 when she worked in his labor.
They came together through a shared love of science and research. They were married the following year  and they spent their marriage working side by side and sharing ground-breaking scientific.
Together, the couple studied radioactivity. A word they invented to describe the radiation from uranium, a mineral extracted from the ground.
They discovered two highly radioactive chemical elements: radium and polonium.

For this discovery and her work on radioactivity, she received two Nobel Prizes: one in physics, the other in chemistry which made her the first female to win a Nobel prize and the only person to win two of them.
Throughout her working life, Marie had focused on making new scientific discoveries. However, when World War I began, Marie realized that X-ray technology could play an important role in the care of wounded soldiers. With X-rays doctors could see a patient’s injuries. They could see broken bones and figure out how to mend them. They could find and possibly remove bullets and shards of metal.
And during this war, Marie raised money to develop a fleet of mobile radiology labs that could transport X-ray technology to battlefronts. Doctors used X-ray technology to examine and treat soldiers who had been injured.

And until now Marie is known by the hero and the woman who stirred up science.

Jelassi Chaïma, 1°8

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Abdelkrim Louane

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Freda Josephine McDonald , known as Joséphine Baker , is a French singer , dancer , actress , leader of a review and resistance fighter of American origin , born on3 juin 1906in St. Louis , Missouri , and died on12 avril 1975in Paris . Freda Josephine McDonald, later known by her stage name Josephine Baker, was born onJune 3, 1906, in the United States, in Missouri , of Spanish , Afro-American and Native American descent, an itinerant street musician of Spanish origins At that time, Josephine Baker had no choice but to contribute, through her salary, to support the siblings of which she was the eldest; the family is very poor and has grown, Josephine left school inFebruary 1920to get married
Baker moved to New York City and was soon performing in Chocolate Dandies and, along with Ethel Waters, in the floor show of the Plantation Club, where again she quickly became a crowd favorite. Star of the music hall and icon of the Roaring Twenties , she became French in 1937, after her marriage to Jean Lion. During the Second World War , she played an important role in the French Resistance . She then uses her great popularity in the service of the fight against racism and for the emancipation of black people , in particular by supporting the American civil rights movement . theNovember 30, 2021, by decision of the President of the Republic , Emmanuel Macron , Joséphine Baker entered the Pantheon , thus becoming the sixth woman and the first black woman to join the Republican "temple".

Moncef Sellami

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Malala Yousafzai was born in 1997 the 12 of July in Mingora, Pakistan.

She grew up in Swat Valley like a normal child, but in 2008 the Taliban took control of his town and banned many things like girls in schools. So in the early 2009 she wrote a blog under a pseudonym detailing her life during the the Taliban occupation. A journalist noticed her and interviewed on television. Then due to this Malala got shoot on the left side of her head in 2012 by a gunman masked taliban. She woke up 10 days later in a hospital in Birmingham, in England. Everyone around the world was praying for her recovery. Then she return in Pakistan.

In 2013 she co-wrote a book about her story named “I am Malala”.

In 2014 Malala moved to England with her family and became an activist for the right to education and established a charity dedicated to giving every girl an opportunity to study, named Malala Fund.

Later in December 2014 she received the Nobel Peace Prize and became the youngest Nobel laureate.

In 2018 she began studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the university of of Oxford and started to travel in many countries to meet girls who needs help.

Malala graduated from oxford in 2020.

In November 2021 Malala announced on twitter her marriage with Asser Malik.

Pascaline Vidal 1ère8

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Joanne Rowling was born on July 31, 1965, in Yate, England. She adopted her pen name, J.K., incorporating her grandmother's name, Kathleen, for the latter initial (Rowling does not have a middle name).

She graduate of the University of Exeter, Then moved to Portugal in 1990 to teach English. There, she met and married the Portuguese journalist Jorge Arantes.

Where she has her daughter Jessica in 1993, the same year her mariage ended in divorce.

Rowling moved to Edinburgh with her daughter to live near her younger sister, Dianne.

And while struggling to support her daughter and herself on welfare, Rowling worked on her first book in the Harry Potter series. The idea for the book reportedly occurred to her while she was traveling on a train from Manchester to London in 1990.

After a number of rejections, Rowling finally sold her first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, for the equivalent of about $4,000; it hit shelves in June 1997.

The book was the start of a seven-book series chronicling the life of the young wizard Harry Potter and his motley band of cohorts at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.

The second book in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, came out in July 1998.

The third book, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, hit shelves in July 1999.

In 2000, the fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

After a postponed release date, the fifth installment, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, hit bookstores in June 2003.

The sixth installment, released in July 2005, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

Prior to its July 2007 release, the seventh and final installment in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was the largest ever pre-ordered book at Barnes & Noble and Borders bookstores.

seven books and blockbuster films later, the Harry Potter brand, valued at over $15 billion, is still going strong.

Over 400 million copies of the Harry Potter books have been sold worldwide and translated into 67 languages, making Rowling the first billionaire and successful author.

She is known too for her books, the fantastic beast.

J.K. Rowling is Founder and President of Lumos, an international children’s charity fighting for every child’s right to a family by transforming care systems around the world. Lumos sheds light on the root causes of family separation – poverty, conflict and discrimination – and demonstrates that children can safely be united with loving families that help them thrive.

Source :

• https://www.jkrowling.com/about/

•https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-K-Rowling

•https://www.biography.com/.amp/writer/jk-rowling

Atta
NourelHoda
1er8

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Susan Anthony was born on February 15, 1820 in Massachusetts in USA in a family who shared a passion for social reform and support, especially, the anti-slavery movement. She was a precocious child and learned to read and write at the age of three. When she was six years old, her family and her moved to, New York. There, she attended a district school, then a school set up by her father, and finally a boarding school near Philadelphia where she unhappily endured its severe atmosphere. Anyhow, she quickly had to end her studies because her family was financially ruined during an economic downturn when she was seventeen.

She started teaching to help her family financially. From 1846 to 1849 she taught at a female academy in upstate New York. After, Susan returned to her family and there she met William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, who were friends of her father. Listening to them moved Susan to want to do more to help end slavery. She became an abolition activist, even though most people thought it was improper for women to give speeches in public. Anthony made many passionate speeches against slavery.

In 1851, Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They became good friends and worked together for over 50 years fighting for women’s rights. She gave many speeches demanding that women be given the right to vote. At times, she risked being arrested for sharing her ideas in public.

Her discipline, energy, strategy and ability to organize made her a strong and successful leader. Anthony and Stanton co-founded the American Equal Rights Association. In 1868 they became editors of the Association’s newspaper, The Revolution, which helped to spread the ideas of equality and rights for women. She was admired by many, yet others hated her ideas.

When Congress passed the 14th and 15th amendments which gave voting rights to African American men, the two friends were angry and opposed the legislation because it did not include the right to vote for women. In reaction to that, they formed the National Woman Suffrage Association, their objective was to push for a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. In 1872, Anthony was arrested for voting. This made many people angry and brought national attention to the suffrage movement. In 1876, she led a protest at the 1876 Centennial of our nation’s independence. She gave a famous speech (“Declaration of Rights”) in which she  affirms: “Men, their rights, and nothing more; women, their rights, and nothing less.”. In 1888, she helped to merge the two largest suffrage associations into one, the National American Women’s Suffrage Association and led the group until 1900. She traveled around the country giving speeches, gathering thousands of signatures on petitions, and lobbying Congress every year for women.

Susan Anthony died in 1906 in New York at 86 years old, 14 years before women were given the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 and after spending  her life working for women’s rights.

Léna Tourniaire 1e8

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Toni Morrison, born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18th of 1931 in Lorain, Ohio, U.-S., is the second of four children. Her parents, Ramah and George Wofford were very much inspired by the Black culture, and she inherited of all these storytelling, traditional songs, and music. Her growing environment was incessantly threated by the racial discrimination, as she came from a semi-integrated area. She was a very implicated student during her scholarship, as she became an avid reader and turned to be a good element during debates at school. At the age of twelve years old, she decided to convert to Catholicism, using as baptized name “Anthony”, after Saint Anthony of Padua. That is where her nickname “Tony” comes from. When she turned eighteen, in 1949, she decided to attend the Howard University, a historically Black college. So, she moved to Washington, D.C. As she joins the theatrical group, she assists on tours at new expressions of racism in the segregated South. She also met many other artists. After graduating her bachelor’s degree in English, she earned the Master of Arts in English in the Cornell University in 1955.

Then she began teaching English at Texas Southern University but soon returned to Howard University as a professor. She there met and married in 1958 her husband, Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect. Together, they had two children: Harold and Slade. Their first son was born in 1961, and her husband divorced while she was pregnant with the second, in 1964. After seven years of teaching, she left to head to Syracuse, New York and there worked as an editor at Random House publishing. Two years later, she transferred to the New York City branch, editing African American authors. There, she helped plenty of civil rights activists like Angela Davis or Black Panther Huey Newton. When she was thirty-nine years old, she published her first novel, The Bluest Eye, written by waking up at 4:00 am every morning to rise on her own her children and work at the same time. In 1983, she left publishing to devote more time to writing, as her activity grows more and more important and appreciated. In 1993, she wins the Nobel Prize of Literature. Then in 1998, after the film adaptation of Beloved (1987 and most famous novel) with Oprah Winfrey as the main character Sethe, her work got even more known. While writing and producing, Toni Morrison also taught at the Creative Writing Program at Princeton University and got an honorary Doctorate degree from Oxford University. With this title, she got the opportunity to be a guest curator at the Louvre Museum in Paris. She also wrote children books with her son until his death, in the age of forty-five years old. In 2000, she was named a Living Legend by the Library of Congress. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012. She died in 2019 from complications of a pneumonia.

As a writer, Toni Morrison’s greatest pieces of art are her books. There are several of them, but five really made history. Indeed, they are the most famous and the ones that made her earn most of her prizes. Among them, there is her first novel The Bluest Eye (1970) talking about a young Black female Pecola Breedlove from an abusive home, wishing to have a better life if her eyes were blue. Her other masterpieces are Sula (1973), Song of Salomon (1977), Tar Baby (1981) and Beloved (1987) following which she got the Nobel Prize of Literature. The Beloved’s story is about a young, enslaved mother who killed her daughter, wishing them to be free. The young girl then comes back under a ghost form to haunt her. We can see that the Black culture and the struggling for freedom for both women and Black people are present in her whole work. She also won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and a National Humanities medal.

Agathe BARONE 1ère 8

Bibliography:

Biography: Toni Morrison (womenshistory.org)

Toni Morrison - Wikipedia

Toni Morrison | Biography, Books, Beloved, The Bluest Eye, & Facts | Britannica

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Jane Cooke Wright, born on November 20th in 1919 in Manhattan, was a surgeon and a pioneering cancer researcher. She died on February 19thin 2013 at the age of 93. Her mother, Corinne Cooke, was a school teacher. Her father, Louis Tompkins Wright, was a graduate in medicine and one of the first African American graduates from Harvard Medical School. She was the eldest daughter. As a child, she studied at Smith College and at Ethical Culture Fieldston School. At the start, she was interested in a degree in art. She chose the medical field because of her father's suggestion; her family had indeed a strong history of academic achievement in medicine. Her inspiration was her father.

Jane graduated with honors from New York Medical College in 1945 before completing her studies at Bellevue Hospital and Harlem Hospital. In 1947, she married David Jones, a Harvard Law graduate with whom she had two daughters. In 1949, after being hired as a staff physician with the New York City Public Schools, she left the school to join her father, director of the Cancer Research Foundation at Harlem Hospital.

Dr. Jane Wright (also known as "Jane Jones") is famous for her achievements as an oncologist : she contributed to breast and skin cancers and to chemotherapy. Dr. Jane Wright was the first woman to be elected president of the New York Cancer Society. She created and wrote 135 scientific papers. Her success was international. Dr. Wright led delegations of oncologists across China, the Soviet Union, Africa, and Eastern Europe. She also had been the vice president of the African Research and Medical Foundation between 1973-1984. Her achievements allowed the black community and the women to be recognized in a field dominated by white men. Dr. Wright was the only African-American woman in a nationally recognized medical institution.

In homage to her pioneering spirit, the ASCO rewards each year an early-career researcher with the Jane C. Wright, MD, Young Investigator Award.

Enzo AITTOUIRAD, 1ère8

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Mother Teresa, whose real name is Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, was born on August 26, 1910 in the city of Skopje, the current capital of the Republic of Macedonia.

She is of Albanian family and receives Ottoman nationality. Her father was a merchant and she received a religious education from her mother. She goes to school and helps with household chores. From his childhood, the values ​​of the Catholic religion made his family help and welcome the poor. At 9 years old his father dies and the family business goes bankrupt. The family is forced to open a sewing workshop to support themselves.

At 18, she joined the missionary order of the Sisters of Notre-Dame-de-Lorette in Ireland. The following year she began to prepare her teaching diploma in Calcutta. In 1931, the young sister took the name of Mary-Teresa. From 1931 to 1937 she taught geography in Calcutta. In 1946, she wanted to leave the convent to live with the poorest and in August 1848, Pope Pius XII granted her permission. Her only asset was her white sari with blue piping and she decided to take Indian nationality.

In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity, which helps the poorest. This new order exists thanks to the sisters who devote their lives to it. These take care of the dying, the poor and abandoned children. Always to help the most disadvantaged, she founded the death of Kalighat and an orphanage for abandoned children. All her life she made sure to help the poorest by taking a vow of poverty. These charitable actions earned her the Nobel Peace Prize on October 17, 1979. She is also decorated by the Indian President and the Queen of England. At the age of 87, Mother Teresa died of cardiac arrest at the Missionaries of Charity motherhouse in Calcutta.

Yanis Petri 1°8

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Alice Augusta Ball  was born on July 24th 1892 at Seattle and died on December 31th 1916, always at Seattle.
Daughter of Louise Howard Ball and James Presler Ball, she had three brothers and sisters. In 1903, she and her family moved to Hawaii hoping it will improve the Health status of his grandfather but he died two years later and they moved back to Seattle.

Until her 18th birthday, she studied at the Seattle High School and after getting her certificate, she went study chimestry at Seattle College. She got graduated in farmaceutical chimestry and then in pharmacy. During her studies - and working with a man- she was published on a famous magazine: Journal of the American Chemical Society. After these sucessful studies, she got a scholarship  and choose to continues it at Hawaii !
At Hawaii, she started her researches working Dr Harry T. Hollmann. Together, they worked on  chaulmoogra oil  properties. This oil was used to cure patients attent by leprosy by caused severe secondary effects. At only 23 years old, she foud a method to palliate these problems.
During this time in Hawaii, she got sick and moved back to Seattle in 1916 to be cured. Unfortunatly, she died being only 23 years old.

Today, she's known she's one of the firt woman and generally black scientist recognized. Her method to heal leprosy -stole by one of her collaborators, a man, but who was unmasked a decade after- was the most effective until 1940 !
It is known as the "Ball Method".

Bouras Paul 1°8

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Hedy Lamarr was born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler the 9th of November in 1914 in Vienna in Austria-Hungary. She was an only child in a rich family. Her father was a director of a bank and her mother was a concert pianist. So she grew up in a privileged environment , she had tutors, she did her studies in Switzerland, she did horse riding and she went often the opera. As a child, Hedy Lamarr she showed a lot of interest at films and at the theatre. At 12 years old, she won her first beauty contest in Vienna and , at the same age she start with her father to associate invention. He took her to walk to explain how various technologies in society functioned.

She has har American nationality in April 1953. Hedy Lamarr is one of Hollywood's great seducers and she got married 6 times: with Friedrich Mandl (a famous arms dealer), Gene Markeyaaa, John Loder, Teddy Stauffer, W. Howard Lee and with Lewis J. Boies. She had three kids one of which adopts but she was not very present for them because of her work. She died in January the 19th in 2000.

Hedy Lamarr was known for her beauty and acting skills. She was in 1940was considered one of the most beautiful women in the world. She played in a lot of films but the most famous are Extase, Samson and Delilah,…  Above all, she was a talented scientist, inventor of a secret system for coding transmissions. She invented during the war, in 1941, a secret transmission system to guide torpedoes. A system still used today for Wi-Fi or GPS. And finally she wrote an autobiography about her sexual life named Ecstasy and me.

Emma Robic 1°8

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born on March 15th, 1933 in Brooklyn, and died on September 18th 2020 in Washington. She was a lawyer and member of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Ruth Bader Ginsburg grew up with in a neighbourhood in Brooklyn called Flatbush, in a jewish family. Her maiden name was Joan Ruth Bader. In this time, girls were excluded from the universities, but her mom encouraged her starting studies and supported her. Once she graduated hight school, she started studying in Cornell University.

She got her diploma when she turned 21 years old. Then she got married with Martin D.Ginsburg, in this way, she gave birth to her daughter in 1955. After that, she still followed her studies going to Harvard Law School, and then to Columbia Law School. She got her PhD in 1959 (when she was 26 years old). She suffered from sexist discriminations during these years, that's also why she decided to protect women rights.

Her main achievement is that she founded a newspaper in 1970 that was dedicated to women's rights, called « Women's Rights Law Reporter ». Thanks to this project, she was able to present sexist problems in front of the Supreme Court of United States between 1973 and 1976. 17 years later she was hired in the Supreme Court, where she defended many other cases like ecology.

In conclusion, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a really ambitious feminist woman, she was really ahead of her time and inspired many generations.

GALINIER Mathilde 1°8

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Rebecca Davis was born on February 8th in Christiana, Delaware, in the US. She lived her childhood with her aunt, a woman who acted like a doctor in her village. Rebecca was very inspired by this aunt. At 19 years old, she moved to Massachusetts and she started working as nurse.

She married Wyatt Lee on April 19, 1852. Her husband already had a son from a first marriage, but the boy died at 7 in 1853. Maybe this death motivated Rebecca to study medicine. Wyatt died in 1863, during Rebecca's studies. Two years later, Rebecca Lee married Arthur Crumpler. They had a daughter in 1870.
Rebecca died on March 9, 1895.

She was accepted in 1860 in the New England Female Medical College in Boston. It was very difficult for women or black men to do medicine or scientific studies. But because of the American Civil War (1861-1865), they had more opportunities : more persons needed medical care. In 1864, Rebecca Lee Crumpler became the first African-American woman physician in the US. She wrote in 1883 the Book of Medical Discourses. This book, dedicated to nurses and mothers, is about maternal and medical care for babies and children. Writing it, Rebecca became one of the first female physicians authors in the 19th century.

Nina BOYER 1°8

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Jacinda Ardern Born in July 26, 1980 (age 41 years), in Hamilton, New Zealand

is the Prime Minister of New Zealand and the Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.

Born in Hamilton, Jacinda grew up in rural Waikato and attended Morrinsville College, before graduating from the University of Waikato with a Bachelor of Communications Studies in International Relations and Professional Communication. She joined the New Zealand Labour Party at age 18.

She studied at Morrinsville College,where she was the student representative on the school's board of trustees.Whilst still at school she found her first job, working at a local fish-and-chip shop.she has Children , Neve Te Aroha Ardern Gayford and got a book titled Jacinda Ardern : On kindness, empathy and strength

During her time in Parliament, Jacinda has been a strong advocate for children, women and the right of every New Zealander to have meaningful work. She was responsible for the landmark Child Poverty Reduction Act, and has taken a lead on climate change through initiatives like the establishment of the Zero Carbon Act and the ban on future offshore oil and gas exploration in New Zealand.

REFAI SOHAYLA 1er 8

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Sacagawea was born in May 1788 and died in December 1812 or in April 1884, the date of her death is very uncertain and mysterious. Her name means "boat puller" or "bird woman". She is an almost legendary figure in the history of the American West for her indispensable role played during the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

But Sacagawea has become an enigma to historians seeking to trace his later life. Indeed, reliable historical information about her is very limited, we know that when she was about 12 years old, her and several other girls were taken captive by a group of Hidatsa in a raid.  And at about age 13, she was sold into a non-consensual marriage to Toussaint Charbonneau, a Quebecois trapper who about two decades earlier had lived in the Hidatsa village.

She was the daughter of a Shoshone chief who traveled with the expedition thousands of miles from North Dakota to the Pacific Ocean, helping to establish cultural contacts with Native American populations and contributing to the expedition's knowledge of natural history in different regions. In February 1805, Sacagawea gave birth to a son named Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. Despite traveling with a newborn child during the trek, Sacagawea proved to be helpful in many ways. She was skilled at finding edible plants. Moreover, she also served as a symbol of peace because a group traveling with a woman and a child were treated with less suspicion than a group of men alone.

The National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early 20th century adopted her as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to recount her accomplishments. In 1976, she was inducted into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in Fort Worth, Texas. In 2001, she was given the title of Honorary Sergeant, Regular Army, by President Bill Clinton. In 2003, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.

SAVALLI Léa 1°8

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Emmeline Goulden was born on July, 15th 1858 in Manchester, England, and died in June 14th 1928 in London. However, she claimed to be born on July, 14th, on Bastille Day, saying that it had some kind of influence over her life.
Her family was politically active and it is through her parents’ interest in women’s suffrage that Emmeline was first introduced do the subject.

In the autumn of 1878, at twenty years old, Emmeline met and began a relationship with Richard Pankhurst, who had advocated women’s suffrage. They got married a few years later because of the fact she would have been excluded from political life as an unmarried woman. They had five children.

In 1889, Emmeline Pankhurst became an early supporter of the Women’s Franchise League.
In 1903, she created a new women-only group, focused solely on voting rights : the Women’s Social and Political Union which demanded the right for women to vote. Their slogan was : “Deeds not Words”.
During the First World War, they decided to make a truce with the government, WSPU prisoners were released and the suffragettes put the group into motion on behalf of the war effort.
In 1918, the Representation of the People Act removed the restrictions on men’s suffrage and granted the vote for women over the age of thirty (with several restrictions). This was a big victory for Emmeline Pankhurst, but her fight was not over and she continued her combat until her death.

Romane Dewidehem, 1ère 8