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A government ruled by religious leaders who claim God's authority.

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The idea that God determined long ago who would gain salvation in heaven.

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to cancel

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A branch of Christian that was created by a religious reform movements that swept through Europe in 1500's

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Branch of Christianity that traces it interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the movement that issued his reforms. ( REFORMATION)

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A split in the Christianity church were a new Christianity was formed, known as Protestantism.

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A printing press is like a printer. It copies down things into paper with ink.
- The printing press made books easier and cheaper to produce, which benefit the people by making more books and lowering the price so that people can learn to read and get more reading materials.
- The printing press made communication spread more quickly and accurately on a piece of paper or a book, which had a huge impact on the Renaissance Era.

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A ideal place that does not exist in reality
- The term utopia come from the a book called Utopia written by renaissance humanist Sir Thomas More

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A parallel lines converging to a single point.
- A Italian artist name Giotto di Bondone used perspective in his art.

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A wealthy family who ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of arts and humanism.
- They were wool merchants and bankers.

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A wealthy person who paid the artist to paint, and sponsored them for their work.

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A democratic and ethical life stance which affirms human beings have rights and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives.
- stands for building of a more humane society through science and reason rather than religion.
- focuses on helping people live well, achieve personal growth, and make the world a better place.

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The capital city of Italy Tuscany region is home to many masterpieces of Renaissance art, architecture, and monuments.
- The most important cities( politically, economically, and culturally) from the 14th to the 16th centuries.
- Birthplace of Italian Renaissance
- Flourished in trading and banking medieval commune.

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Emperors of Byzantine Emperor
Alexios l Komnenos ruled 1048- 1118
Alexios ll Komnenos ruled 1169-1183
Alexios lll Angelos ruled 1153-1211
Alexios lV Angelos ruled 1182-1204
Alexios V (died 1205)

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(religious meaning)A way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins.
The action of indulging(fulfilling)

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Head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from March 12 1088 till his death.
- known for initiating the Crusades

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(Historical)A member of any ancient central Asia people who speak Turkic language, including the Seljuks and Ottomans.
(Archaic)A member of the ruling Muslim population of the Ottoman Empire.

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The largest Christian church and the largest religious denomination, with approx. 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide.
- known as Roman Catholic Church

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The second-largest Christian church with approx. 220 million baptised member.

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Middle Ages- peasants in the boat and noble people on horse

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Middle Ages, or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries. Began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire transitioning into the Renaissance.

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Feudal, or also known as Feudalism, is a type of social and political system in which landholders provide land to tenants in exchange for their loyalty and service.
- This system flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.

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A surprise attack from a concealed position.

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A journey where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about their self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience.

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A city in Western Asia
- One of the oldest cities in the world
- Considered holy to the 3 major Abrahamic religion- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

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An ancient Greek city on the eastern side of the Orontes River.
- Called the Cradle of Christianity

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Pope Francis , Is the Bishop of Rome till now 

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Bishop of Rome, Head of the worldwide Catholic Church and head state of the Vatican City State.
- known as supreme pontiff

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PIC OF SALADIN or Al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub

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A Sunni Muslim Kurd
- THe 1st sultan of Egypt and Syria
- led the Muslim military campaign against the Crusaders states in Levant.
- known for defeating a massive army of Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and captured the city of Jerusalem in 1187.
- ruled a unified Muslim region stretching Egypt to Arabia.

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The continuation Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during the medieval period, when its capital city was Constantinople.
- Referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire
- Survived the fragmentation of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and continued to exist for an additional thousand years.
- Was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe until it fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453.

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Series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by Latin Church in the medieval period.
- Happen around the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
- intentions of the Crusade were to recover the Holy Land from Islamic rule.