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Negative
1. With auxiliaries be, have and modals, we form negatives with not/n't.
- Formal: full form (We are not)
- Informal: contract not (He isn't) or contract the auxiliaries (We're not) and the modals (We'll not)
Ex: He is not sullen.

2. With others verbs, we form negatives with do plus not/n't before the base form of the verb.
Ex: I didn't see anything.

3. In sentences with infinitives and gerunds, we out not before infinitives or gerunds.
Ex: I enjoy not doing homework.

4. We can use no before noun, no longer or never before verbs.
Ex: I will never eat that kind of food.

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Questions
1. With auxiliaries be, have and modals, put them before the subject.
Ex: Are you ready?

2. With other verbs, put do before the subject and the base form of the verbs.
Ex: Do you have any questions?

3. We begin yes/ no questions with be, do, have or a modal.
We can use or in these questions when we offer a choice between two options.
Ex: Are you OK?

4. Wh-questions ask for specific information
Ex: What is it? Who are you?...

5. We put the main verb after the subject: what, who
Ex: Who ate my cake?...

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Negative questions
1. Begin with negative form of be, do, have or a modal.
In negative wh-questions, the negative forms are put after wh-words).
Ex: Can't you open the door?
Who isn't here?

2. Answer negative yes/no questions:
- Yes: say the positive is true
- No: say the negative is true
Ex: Aren't they French?
Yes (They are French).
No (They aren't French).

3. We put negative adverbs after the subject.
Ex: Has she never cooked?

4. We can use yes/no questions to ask for confirmation or to express surprise.
Ex: Isn't 4th July today?
Haven't you ever seen snow?

5. Why don't you...? Why not...? are used for offers or suggestions.
Ex: Why don't we go to the beach?

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Question tags
1. Short form of questions added after statement.
Ex: We're late, aren't we?

2. In question tags:
- A pronoun that matches the subject
- A verb that matches the main verbs auxiliaries
- A form of do
Ex: You haven't done the housework since you got married, have you?
Note: We use a positive tag with they after no one or nobody: No one likes it, do they?

3. We use modals in tags after imperatives for request or proposals.
Ex: Open the book, will you?

4. We can use a positive tag after a positive sentence when:
- Confirm information
- Often after repeating what a previous speaker said.
Ex: That's your cat, is he?
A negative tag after a negative sentence is very rare.

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No, none, nobody, no one and nothing
1. We can use no, none, nobody, no one and nothing as subjects with positive verbs.
Ex: No one complained.

2. We use no before nouns and none instead of nouns.
Ex: I have no money/ I have none.

3. We use none of before pronouns and determiners.
Ex: None of them drank wine.

4. We can use no with both singular and plural nouns or a gerund to emphasize the negative.
Ex: No talking during the exam.

5. We can use no or not/n’t any with comparative adjectives and adverbs.
Ex: These seats are no better than the others./We shouldn’t leave any later than 8:30.

6. We use not rather than no in reduced negatives, before the indefinite article a/an and before quantifiers.
Ex: Not a single drop of water was split.

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What or Which
1. We use What or Which before nouns or as pronouns.
Ex: What/ Which do you like?
- "What" is used when there is an unlimited number of possible answers.
Ex: What would you like to do after school?
- "Which" is used when there is a limited number of possible answers.
Ex: Among Math, Physics, and Biology, which subject do you like?

2. We use "Which" before one or ones (not what)
Ex: Which one do you prefer to eat? (What one do you prefer to eat? )
-"Which of" (not what of) is used before determiners and pronouns when we ask about things and people in a limited set.
Ex: Which of these films have you watched? (What of these films have you watched? )
Which of you volunteers?

3. We can use "Who" to ask a general question
Ex: Who wants to volunteer for this exercise? (Who of you wants to volunteer for this exercise? )

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Inversion after negative words and phrases
1. We use inversion after negative adverbs when they are placed in front position for emphasis. We put the subject after an auxiliary verb or a modal.
Ex: Never have I heard such nonsense.

2. We also use inversion after negative phrases with no and not in front position.
Ex: At no time were the children in danger.

3. Inversion is typically used in formal or literary English, but we can also use it in informal replies after neither, nor or no way.
Ex: I don’t understand what he’s saying. ~ Neither do I.

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Rhetorical questions

1. Rhetorical questions have the form of a question, but can be used to assert something.

Ex: She hates you. ~ Who cares? (I don’t care)

2. We can use rhetorical questions to establish a topic.

Ex: Do you remember the oil crisis? We were sure then that cars would have to become smaller.

3. We can use rhetorical questions to highlight a previous question before giving an answer.

Ex: What do you think about James? ~ What do I think about James? Well, he is the most dedicated person I’ve ever met.

Reduced questions

In informal situations:
1. Yes/no questions are sometimes used without Are you? or Do/Did you?

Ex: Feeling good?

Tired?

2. Wh-questions can be reduced to the wh-word alone or short phrases.

Ex: I met someone. ~ Who?

You will be the leader of the team. ~ Why me?

3. We also use How about? and What about? without verbs before nouns and gerunds to make suggestions or to draw attention to something.

Ex: How about eating out? (How about shall we eat out?)

What about playing outside? (What about we play outside?)

Indirect questions

1. We use indirect questions when we report what was asked. We don't use question word order or a question mark in indirect questions.

Ex: Why did you love him? => I asked her why she (had) loved him. (I asked her why did she love him?)

2. We begin indirect yes/no questions with if or whether.

Ex: Do you have a boyfriend? => I asked her if she had a boyfriend. (I asked did she have a boyfriend?)

Is her name Cargo or Margo? => I asked whether her name is Cargo or Margo.

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Question words with prepositions and adverbs
1. We can use wh-questions to ask about the objects of prepositions

We usaully put preposition at the end of a wh-question

Ex: Where did he transfer those students to?

2. In formal uses, the preposition is sometimes put at the beginning

Ex: To whom did he transfer his house?

Note: We must use whom (not who) after a preposition (NOT To who did he transfer his house?)

3. In some wh-questions, the preposition is always at the end

- What…for?

Ex: Who are you singing this song for?

- Who…like?

Ex: Who does he look like?

4. There are some prepositions that we use at the beginning of wh-questions

Ex: During which stage were France in control?
Since when has he moved to England?

We usually put adverbs after wh-words

Ex: How frequently did he go to cinema?

Note: We can use some adverbs before wh-words

Ex: Exactly how did he threaten you?

6. Wh-words with ever (such as wherever, whoever) are used to express surprise or disbelief

Ex: Wherever did you find out those ideas?

Note: We don’t use whichever in this way: Whatever do you mean?

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Questions inside questions

We can put a yes/no question asking what people think or say after the wh-word (what,who) inside a wh-question.

Ex: Do you think something is wrong? => What do you think is wrong? (What you think is wrong?)

Did he say someone was waiting outside?=> Who did he say was waiting outside?

Note: When we put a yes/no question inside a wh-question, we use question word order in the yes/no question, not in the wh-question.

Ex: Does he believe the fighting will end? => When does he believe the fighting will end? (When does he believe will the fighting end?)

Statement used as questions
1. We can use a statement as a yes/no question to ask for confirmation of something.

Ex: We have a test today?

2. We can use a statement as a yes/no question to repeat what was just said, usually to express surprise.

Ex: I got straight A’s for the last semester. ~ You got straight A’s ?

3. We can use a wh-word in a statement to ask for clarification or to get more information about part of what was just said.

Ex: I called her. ~ You did what to her?

I met Popeye. ~ You met who? (Did you meet who?)