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Gallery of The Dazzling Modernist Cinemas of Southern India

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Gallery of The Dazzling Modernist Cinemas of Southern India

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Name: Gallery of The Dazzling Modernist Cinemas of Southern India

Photographer Stefanie Zoche of Haubitz-Zoche  has captured a series of vibrant images showcasing the “hybrid modernist” movie theaters of Southern India.

Function/Purpose: Apart from being a piece of art itself, it of course exists for the purpose of consuming entertainment through viewing of movies as well as a commercial mean.

Visual identity and its purpose: Suggestive of theatrical sets, provide a foretaste of the cinematic experience in the hall itself, in which extravagant shapes and ornamentation are continued and put the viewer in the right mood for the cinematic world before the screening itself.

When and Where it was made: This is one of the large number of cinemas built in both rural and urban areas of South India in the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, all conveying an “unconventional mix of local building styles and Western influences."

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Gallery of The Dazzling Modernist Cinemas of Southern India, Captured by Stefanie Zoche - 1

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Image 1 of 22 from gallery of The Dazzling Modernist Cinemas of Southern India, Captured by Stefanie Zoche. © Stefanie Zoche

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NAME Nalanda University

PURPOSE OR FUNCTION The great Library. It is made with red bricks and had a great collection of books stored on iron shelves and covered with cloth to preserve it.

FORM, STRUCTURE AND IDENTITY All monasteries had a common plan, a central courtyard with cells all around and a common verandah.

MATERIALS The whole university is made of red bricks.

WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT MADE It was made around 1600 years ago in Nalanda in Bihar.

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NAME Eye shaped roof

PURPOSE OR FUNCTION It is an interesting sight for the sore eye.

FORM, STRUCTURE AND IDENTITY This is of area 1.5 million sqft and built on a 6.12-acre site. Planned with efficient site circulation with different lanes for private cars, commercial vehicles and pedestrians. Contains multiple screens, a 9000 sqft supermarket, huge food court, 39 f&b outlets, bowling alley and game centre.

MATERIALS The tensile and glass roof of the atrium provides optimum natural light to enter natural light to the entire structure. The building obviously built on the foundation and with cement and bricks, has usage of various materials to complement the intricate detailing of the roof and walls.

WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT MADE This mall was done building and opened for a crowd since 2010 in Bengaluru.

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NAME Surgical beds and equipment provisions for a hospital

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION This hospital had a lot of rooms and provisions for various medical equipment despite being a very old hospital

WHEN WAS IT BUILT AND WHERE It was built in the 1960s in Mumbai

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NAME Bharat Petroleum

PURPOSE OR FUNCTION The architecture of this is interesting. It has islands for the petrol to pump out the from the ground.

FORM AND STRUCTURE A petrol pump comprises of a few islands, each island usually comprising of 2-3 bunks and 2-3 pumps per bunk.

MATERIALS hose, acrylic sheets for the body

WHEN WAS IT MADE 1952

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NAME Essar Steel India Ltd.

PURPOSE OR FUNCTION To manufacture hot briquette sponge iron.

FORM, STRUCTURE AND IDENTITY The capacity of this plant is 1.2 MTPA (Metric Tonnes Per Annum).  Equipped with high-quality machinery with frame members, bearings, splines, springs, seals, fasteners, covers and blast furnaces.

MATERIALS A blast furnace is usually built with a steel case and bricks made of magnesium oxide or other refractory material inside the case.

WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT ESTABLISHED ESSAR Ltd. was established in 1969 in Gujarat.

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NAME Salar Jung

PURPOSE AND FUNCTION Being one of the largest museums in the world and one of the 3 national museums it has great space to store and showcase all kinds of history pieces of the Salar Jung family.

FORM IDENTITY AND STRUCTURE The museum building, semicircular in shape with 38 galleries, spread on two floors, displays only a part of the original collection. The ground floor has 20 galleries and the first floor has 18 galleries. The exhibits on different subjects are displayed in separate galleries. Each gallery is huge and has many artifacts on display including ones dating back to the 4th century. There are plans for a new Islamic Gallery, where Islamic artifacts and manuscripts of the Qur'an will be displayed.

MATERIALS This museum was made of concrete with different kind of materials attached for the beauty of it.

WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT BUILT The Salar Jung Museum was established in 1951. The major portion of the collection of the museum was acquired by Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, popularly known as Salar Jung III in Hyderabad.

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National Fisheries development boards, Hyderabad

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National Fisheries development boards, Hyderabad

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Name: National Fisheries development board

Purpose and function: The office is a giant sized fish! The office has been designed for the National Fisheries Development in Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad.

Geometry: Built in 2012, the giant fish-shaped building looks like it is swimming in mid-air. Rectangular scale-like windows puncture its silver body, while a hollow mouth has been punched into the front and it has blue glass for eyes. Its address, according to Google, is the "Fish Building".

How it serves the purpose: The three-story, 1,920-square-meter structure was designed this way by the Central Public Works Department of India for the simple reason that the work done inside relates to fishing.

When and Where it was made:  The office is a four story building which was built in 2012.

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Name: Bombay Central Station

Function and Purpose: It serves as a major stop for both Local and Inter-City/Express trains with separate platforms for them. It is also a terminal for several long-distance trains including the Mumbai Rajdhani Express.

Form and Structure: Large in scale, simple in design, with an elevated roof, large windows providing for a well lit circulating hall, are some of its feature, which also include an open garden in front.

When and Where it was made: Bombay Central Station was constructed between the years 1930-32 as a replacement to Colaba station.

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Name:  Taj Lake Palace. It was initially called Jagniwas or Jan Niwas after its founder.

Purpose and Function: Lake palace is a former summer palace of the royal dynasty of Mewar, now turned into a hotel. Jagat Singh felt that the City Palace was too public to invite the beautiful young ladies of Udaipur with decadent, moonlit picnics. Therefore a palace in the centre of Lake Pichola would offer a lot more privacy. The successive rulers used this palace as their summer resort, holding their regal durbars in its courtyards lined with columns, pillared terraces, fountains, and gardens. It is now a hotel for commercial purposes.

Form and Structure:  It has 83 rooms and it is one of the most magnificent hotels in the world. The upper room of the Lake Palace is a perfect sphere of 21 feet in diameter. Its walls, decorated with Arabic designs similar to Taj Mahal of Agra. However, they all are made according to the Hindu religion.

Materials: The walls are made of black and white marbles and are adorned by semi-precious stones and ornamented niches. Gardens, fountains, pillared terraces and columns line its courtyards. Its floor is inlaid with black and white marble, the walls are ornamented with niches and decorated with arabesques of colored stones, the dome is exquisitely beautiful in form

When and Where it was made: The Lake Palace was built between 1743 and 1746 under the direction of the Maharana Jagat Singh II of Udaipur, Rajasthan as a summer palace. It is located on the island of Jag Niwas, in Lake Pichola.

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Name: Chand Baori

Purpose and Function: Many of these stepwells, including Chand Baori, served multiple purposes including drawing water and religious or ceremonial activities.

Form and Structure: Chand Baori is a deep four-sided well with a large temple on the back face of the building. The basic architectural aspects of the monumental well consist of a long corridor of steps leading to five or six stories below ground level which can be seen at the site.

Materials: Chand Baori is an exquisitely carved ancient stone water stepwell in India. The builders dug deep trenches into the earth for dependable, year-round groundwater. They lined the walls of these trenches with blocks of stone, without mortar, and created stairs leading down to the water.

When and Where it was made: Based on similarities in style and carvings with the terraced temples of Paranagar and Mandore, the Baodi can be dated to 8th-9th century.

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•NAME - Lotus Temple
• Purpose and function- Lotus Temple a prime example of contemporary expressionist architecture
•form and identify- its structure is a circular 9-sided shape. The building is made up of 27 free-standing marble petals arranged to form the 9 sides of the temple. The central worship hall inside is 40m high and has capacity for 2,500 people.
•Material- marble, cement and sand. The 27 petals were clad with marble from Rajasthani Macrana, the dolomite clay is from the mines of Alwar, near Delhi, and the white silica sand is from Jaipur.
•When and where was it built- New Delhi, India, in 1986

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•NAME- konark sun temple
•PURPOSE AND FUNCTION - It was designed in the shape of huge chariot, pulled by seven stone horses
FORM IDENTITY AND STRUCTURE- Shaped like a giant chariot, the temple is known for the exquisite stone carvings that cover the entire structure.
•MATERIAL- The sun temple was made from three types of stone. Chlorite was used for the door lintel and frames as well as some sculptures. Laterite was used for the core of the platform and staircases near the foundation. Khondalite was used for other parts of the temple.
•WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT MADE - 13th century CE Puri

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Written by Forrest Brown, CNN

If you could boil India's architecture down to a single word or phrase, what would it be? Dynamic? Melting pot? Overwhelming? Complex?

It can be all those things and more. From historic houses of worship to futuristic marvels that reflect the country's rising global status, India's architecture demonstrates where it's been and where it's going.

Here are 12 famous buildings from across one of the most historically and culturally rich places on Earth:

The Lake Palace

Completed: 1746 | Location: Udaipur, Rajasthan

Now home to one of India's most luxurious hotels, the Lake Palace (pictured top) can be found in the middle of Udaipur's Lake Pichola. Set against the backdrop of the Aravalli mountains, its gleaming white marble looks almost as if it's floating on the lake's surface.

The structure was originally built as a pleasure palace for Maharana Jagat Singh II. It stayed with his royal descendants long after his death, but by the 1950s it was practically abandoned before being converted into a hotel.

Did you know? If you're a James Bond fan, you might recognize the palace from the 1983 movie "Octopussy."

Konark Sun Temple

Completed: Circa 1250 | Location: Konark, Odisha

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Konark Sun Temple (sometimes spelled Konarak) is a superb example of Indian temple architecture.

Dedicated to the Hindu sun god Surya, the temple faces east to greet the rising sun, whose rays illuminate the entrance. It was designed in the shape of huge chariot, pulled by seven stone horses (only six of which still stand) and 12 pairs of wheels, symbolizing the days of a week and the months in a year.

Its main sanctum is believed to have once stood at 70 meters (229 feet) tall, though it has since fallen. Despite lying partial in ruins, the temple is still considered an excellent example of the region's so-called Kalinga architecture.

Did you know? The temple is decorated with reliefs featuring lions, birds, mythological creatures, musicians, dancers and even erotica.

Taj Mahal Palace Hotel

Completed: 1903 | Location: Mumbai

The regal Taj Mahal Palace hotel is one of Mumbai's most iconic structures.

It's an enticing union of European and Islamic architectural influences -- unsurprising, given that the project was started by two Indian architects and completed by an English engineer.

Standout features include so-called "onion" domes and a pointed arch borrowed from 16th-century Islamic architecture. The hotel -- which has hosted celebrities and politicians from the Beatles to Barack Obama -- features an additional modern tower completed in 1973.

Did you know? The hotel has a storied but tragic history. It was used as a hospital during World War I and, in 2008, was the site of a deadly terror attack.

Infosys Pune

Completed: 2006 | Location: Just outside of Pune, Maharashtra

Resembling spaceships come to land, Indian firm Infosys' campus offers a futuristic vision of architecture in the country.

Designed by Indian architect Hafeez Contractor, the first of the egg-like structures was completed in 2006, with a duplicate following later.

The buildings, which are made of glass, steel and aluminum, each have five stories and are tilted at an angle of around 10 degrees.

Did you know? Architect Hafeez Contractor's designs can be found across India, including the twin Imperial Towers in Mumbai.

Rashtrapati Bhavan

Completed: 1929 | Location: New Delhi

The Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official residence of India's president.

The H-shaped building was designed during British rule, when it was known as the Viceroy's House. When India became independent in 1947, it was renamed Government House before taking on its current name in 1950 under India's first president, Rajendra Prasad.

Perhaps the most notable feature of the Rashtrapati Bhavan is the tall dome at its center. The building is made almost entirely of stone, with very little steel used in its construction.

Its design blends Hellenic and Indian architecture, with the latter represented by features such as "jaalis" (indented stone slabs containing floral and geometric patterns).

Did you know? This mansion contains a lot of rooms -- 340 to be exact -- and its corridors have a combined length of 2.5 kilometers (1.55 miles).

Victoria Memorial

Completed: 1921 | Location: Kolkata

The Victoria Memorial is among the most striking structural reminders of British rule in India. The large marble building, dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria, functions as a museum and is a major tourist destination in eastern India's largest city.

It was built in the Indo-Saracenic (or Indo-Gothic) style, which blended classic Mughal architecture with Neoclassical or Gothic revival styles popular in Europe.

The building's central dome, which houses a marble statue of Queen Victoria, rises to 56 meters (184 feet).

Did you know? If the Victoria Memorial's stunning white facades remind you of the Taj Mahal's, that's because both structures were built using marble from the same quarries in Rajasthan.

Mysore Palace

Completed: 1912 | Location: Mysore, Karnataka

Another prime example of the Indo-Saracenic revivalist style, Mysore Palace is one of southern India's most spectacular and visited sites.

Built in the early 20th century, the rulers of Mysore's long-serving Wadiyar dynasty commissioned British architect Henry Irwin to design the palace. The structure consists of square towers covered with pink domes, while the striking gray granite facade is made up of a series of arches.

It's three stories tall in most places, though its highest tower reaches to 44 meters (145 feet).

Did you know? The palace is spectacularly illuminated with almost 100,000 lights on Sundays, public holidays and during the local Dasara festival.

Completed: 1799 | Location: Jaipur, Rajasthan

Hawa Mahal palace's regal red and pink sandstone exterior, which matches the color scheme found throughout Jaipur, has delighted onlookers for more than 200 years.

The name Hawa Mahal means "Palace of Breeze," with its natural circulation produced by more than 950 honeycomb-shaped exterior windows that help keep the palace cool in Rajashtan's hot summers.

The intricately carved windows once allowed the palace's royal inhabitants to look out to the streets below without being seen by the public.

Did you know? Hawa Mahal was built without foundations, though it stays upright thanks to its curved shape, which is meant to mimic the Hindu god Krishna's crown.

Lotus Temple

Completed: 1986 | Location: Delhi

Although younger than the other temples on this list, the Lotus Temple is nonetheless one of India's best-known thanks to its enticing flower-like shape -- a nod to the sacred lotus flower.

The enchanting building's circular structure is formed from 27 concrete slabs clad in white marble. These "leaves" are organized in groups of three on each of the temple's nine sides.

The temple serves as a place of worship for the Bahá'i faith, though it is open to people of any religion. It reportedly welcomes an average of over 10,000 visitors a day.

Did you know? The Lotus Temple was designed by architect Fariborz Sahba, a Canadian of Iranian descent. Sahba also designed the Terraces at the Shrine of the Báb in Haifa, Israel, one of the holiest sites of the Bahá'i faith.

Completed: 1638 | Location: Delhi

This is not a single building, per se. But the Red Fort is simply too spectacular to be left off this list.

Also known as Lal Qila, the Red Fort is said to represent the power and creativity of Mughal Empire, the dominant force on the Indian subcontinent for more than two centuries. The huge complex derives its name from the color of its walls, which are made from red sandstone.

At 33 meters (108 feet) tall, this UNESCO World Heritage site offers a fascinating blend of influences. Islamic, Persian, Timurid and Hindu traditions can all be found in the design of the ornate residence.

Witness to the grand sweep of Delhi's history since the 17th century, its walls contain domed palaces, private apartments, garden and the Moti Masjid (or "Pearl Mosque").

Did you know? It may be hard to tell from ground level, but a bird's-eye view reveals that the Red Fort has an octagon shape.

Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib)

Completed: Early 1600s | Location: Amritsar, Punjab

The Golden Temple is the world's holiest gurdwara (a Sikh place of worship) and one of India's most treasured buildings.

The temple's dazzling white buildings line the edge of the man-made Amrit Sarovar (Pool of Nectar). Visitors can reach the sanctum via a narrow walkway, called the Guru's Bridge, that carries them across the water.

The building isn't particularly large -- it was built on a 67-square-foot platform that sits below ground level and contains just three stories. And though it's a holy Sikh site, the design is considered an exquisite harmony of Islamic and Hindu construction styles.

Did you know? The temple has undergone huge changes over the centuries, and the gold foil on the exterior wasn't added until 1830.

Completed: 1648 | Location: Agra, Uttar Pradesh

If someone only knows one building in India, it will be the Taj Mahal -- a structure so revered that it was named as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a global contest in 2007.

The building was built as a mausoleum by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

UNESCO says it's "considered to be the greatest architectural achievement in the whole range of Indo-Islamic architecture ... (with) a rhythmic combination of solids and voids, concave and convex and light shadow; such as arches and domes further increases the aesthetic aspect."

Did you know? The design of the Taj Mahal was influenced by Humayun's Tomb, in Delhi, which dates back to 1565.

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12 famous buildings in India: From ancient wonders to modern marvels

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Written by Forrest Brown, CNN If you could boil India's architecture down to a single word or phrase, what would it be? Dynamic? Melting pot? Overwhelming? Complex? It can be all those things and more. From historic houses of worship to futuristic marvels that reflect the country's rising global status, India's architecture demonstrates where it's been and where it's going.

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•NAME- Infosys
•PURPOSE AND FUNCTION- software development, maintenance and independent validation services to companies in finance, insurance, manufacturing and other domains.
•FORM AND STRUCTURE- all buildings are designed in such way that it uses minimum non renewable energy and maximum renewable source of energy.
•MATERIAL- Infosys has diverted construction waste from landfills. 10% of the total construction material used was recycled material including aluminum, glass and steel.
•WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT MADE - 1981 Pune , Maharashtra

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•NAME - victoria memorial
•PURPOSE AND FUNCTION - dedicated to the memory of Empress Victoria
•FORM AND STRUCTURE- The Victoria Memorial is built of white Makrana marble. In design it echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal-domed chattris, high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers.
•MATERIAL- It is constructed of white Makrana marble.
•WHEN AND WHERE WAS IT MADE - 1921 Kolkata

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•NAME - Golden temple
•PURPOSE AND FUNCTION- was built as a place of worship for all religions, and is considered the holiest Gurdwara of Sikhism.
•MATERIALS- marble and copper
•WHEN WAS IT MADE AND WHERE - 1604 , Punjab

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Name: Akshardham Temple

Purpose and Function:  Akshardham Temple is one of the top tourist attractions in Delhi. It is also popular for being one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in India.

Form and structure: It rises 141-foot (43 m) high, spans 316-foot (96 m) wide, and extends 356-foot (109 m) long. It is intricately carved with flora, fauna, dancers, musicians, and deities. The mandir also consists of 234 ornately carved pillars, nine domes, and 20,000 murtis of swamis, devotees, and acharyas. It also features the Gajendra Pith at its base, a plinth paying tribute to the elephant for its importance in Hindu culture and India's history.

Materials: It is entirely constructed from Rajasthani pink sandstone and Italian Carrara marble. Based on traditional Hindu architectural guidelines on maximum temple life span, it makes no use of ferrous metal. Thus, it has no support from steel or concrete.

When and Where it was made: The temple was officially opened on 6 November 2005 by Pramukh Swami Maharaj in the presence of Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Manmohan Singh, L.K Advani and B.L Joshi.

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•NAME - The lake palace
•PURPOSE AND FUNCTION- The palace was constructed facing east, allowing its inhabitants to pray to Surya, the Hindu sun god
•FORM AND STRUCTURE - It’s formed in lake
•MATERIAL- The walls are made of black and white marbles and are adorned by semi-precious stones and ornamented niches. Gardens, fountains, pillared terraces and columns line its courtyards.
•WHEN WAS T MADE AND WHERE - 1743 and 1746 , Udaipur, Rajasthan

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Name: Madhusudan Mancha

Purpose and Function: Madhusudan Mancha is an auditorium in Dhakuria, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is named after Bengali poet Michael Madhusudan Dutt. This is controlled and managed by the Information and Cultural Affairs Department, Government of West Bengal.

When and Where it was made:  This auditorium is regularly used for theatres. This auditorium is inaugurated on 12 October 1995 by Jyoti Basu, Chief Minister of West Bengal at that time.

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Name: Minerva Theatre

Purpose and Function: The Minerva Theatre is a theatre in Calcutta, built in 1893. It was erected at the site on Beadon Street where the Great National Theatre stood before. The maiden play held on this stage was 'Macbeth'. It was initially owned by Nagendra Bhusan Mukhopaddhaya.

When and Where it was made: In course of time, it witnessed several transfers of ownership. Sri Girish Chandra Ghosh is noted for having given the last spectacular performance of his life in this theatre. "Minerva" was burnt down in a fire in 1922. However, it was renovated and in 1925, it regained its old status and play acting was resumed. The Minerva, along with the Star and The Classic Theatre, were also one of the places where the first motion pictures in Bengal, made by Hiralal Sen, were screened.

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Name: Prithvi Theatre

Purpose and Function: Prithvi Theatre is one of Mumbai's best known theatres. It was built by Shashi Kapoor and his wife Jennifer Kapoor in memory of Prithviraj Kapoor, Shashi's father, who had dreamt of having a "home" for his repertory theatre company, Prithvi Theatres, belongs to the Kapoor family, one of the most influential actor and director families in Bollywood.

When and Where it was made: Prithviraj Kapoor founded 'Prithvi Theatres', a travelling theatre company in 1944. The company ran for sixteen years. In 1978 Prithvi Theatre opened in Juhu, Mumbai. Shashi Kapoor was the Managing Trustee, the daily affairs are looked after by Kunal Kapoor (Trustee) with a small but efficient team. Prithvi Theatre has shows every day of the year (closed Mondays), hosts an annual Summertime programme of workshops and plays for children, the Memorial Concert on 28 February, an annual Theatre Festival in November, and many partnership programmes promoting language, poetry, international cinema & documentaries, performing arts – which are free to the public.

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Name: Rabindra Sandan

Purpose and Function: Rabindra Sadan is a cultural centre and theatre in Kolkata, located close to the St. Paul's Cathedral on Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road in South Kolkata.

When and Where it was made: he foundation stone of Rabindra Sadan was laid by the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru on 5 August 1961. The construction work of the auditorium ended in October 1967.
It was renovated in 2016.

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Name: Star Theatre

Purpose and Function:  The Star, along with Minerva and The Classic Theatre, were also one of the places where the first motion pictures in Bengal, made by Hira Lala Sen, were screened. This is a heritage site of Calcutta (Kolkata) that was destroyed in a fire and thereafter restored by the local municipal corporation. The restored Star Theatre maintains the heritage facade; the interiors are contemporary. The property is maintained by a private company.

When and Where it was made: The Star Theatre is a theatre in Hatibagan, Kolkata. It was built in 1883. Initially situated in Beadon Street, the theatre later moved to Cornwallis Street - now called Bidhan Sarani.

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Name: Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir

Purpose and Function: Tilak Smarak Ranga Mandir is a theatre auditorium and exhibition hall located in Pune, India. The theatre is dedicated to the noted Indian nationalist and social reformer Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The auditorium has a series of murals, created by Gopal Deuskar, which showcase important events in the life of Tilak.