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a category of artistic composition, as in music and literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter

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the standard photographic form format for analog (SLR and motion picture cameras). They date back to the 20th century

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type of camera with two objective lenses with the same focal length. One lens is for the photographical objective and the other is the viewfinder system.

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camera with a bigger film size. Always use film bigger than 4x5". Because of the bigger film size, this means better quality

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photographic process that is available for current black-and-white films and printing papers. Silver salts are suspended in gelatin and coated onto a support such as glass or flexible plastic or film.

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keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection of items

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a public display of works of art or items of interest

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intended to draw eyes to photograph. Act of making a frame within your photograph

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a room or building used to display art or sell objects

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In photography, photographs are protected by copyright automatically

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity. • Hue: name of color • Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes when white or black is added) • Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high intensity= color is strong and bright; low intensity= color is faint and dull)

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched.

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is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space. If the design was a scale, these elements should be balanced to make a design feel stable. In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side; in asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but still look balanced. In radial balance, the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar.

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is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually the artist will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area could be different in size, color, texture, shape, etc.

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is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal areas. Such movement can be directed along lines, edges, shape, and color within the work of art.

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is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

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is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When drawing the human figure, proportion can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest of the body.

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is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

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is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower

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made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis; showing symmetry.

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having parts which fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry

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the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect

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containing or using only one color

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means of depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials.

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any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger. Examples of cool colors include green, blue and violet

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any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming. Examples of warm colors include red, yellow and orange

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Complementary colors are two colors that are on opposite sides of the color wheel. As an artist, knowing which colors are complementary to one another can help you make good color decisions.

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colors to which you can't give a definite color name. If you can't describe your color scheme as blue, green, yellow, turquoise, pink, orange, red, etc, then you most likely have neutral coloring. These colors include beige, cream, ivory, white, grey, brown and natural wood.

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identifies four important parts of the image that you should consider placing points of interest in as you frame your image- breaking an image down into thirds (both horizontally and vertically) so that you have 9 parts

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two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities

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simple composition line concept. The viewer's eyes are naturally drawn along vertical lines, parallel lines, diagonal lines and even strong horizontal lines. Some of the main subjects in images, such as these, are paths, rails, buildings and streets

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Positive space refers to the main focus of a picture-where an object takes up the picture

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Negative space, in art, is the space around and between the subject(s) of an image. Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject, not the subject itself, forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape

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Objective photography is an impersonal image not influenced by feelings, interpretations or prejudice. To create an unbiased photographic image or documentary. ... The archaeological or scientific photography used to capture clearly the subject matter

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visual art. In other words, it is based on your perception rather than judgments from other peoples perspective. A picture might be subjective based on the photographer's view

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process of offering valid and well-reasoned opinions about the work of others, usually involving both positive and negative comments, in a friendly manner rather than an oppositional one

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Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work

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type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression which identifies products or services of a particular source from those of others

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these

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refers to the main source of light behind the photography subject. ... The subject is then placed in the middle of the light and the camera. This creates a certain glow effect at the edges or at the back of the subject

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soften it by reducing glare and harsh shadows. Diffused light can bring out the best in your photography subjects by minimizing blemishes and wrinkles. It can also be used to create a very soft, cinematic look

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any form of light that the photographer did not add to their image, and can include both "natural"ambient sunlight, or "artificial" ambient light such as a nearby street light, lamp, or similar

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means strong and bold contrasts between light and dark areas in a photograph

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an outline that appears dark against a light background. More specifically, it is where your subject is seen as a black shape without detail against a brighter background

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originally a pair of paintings hinged together. In photography the diptych has become a popular format. Pairs of closely associated portraits, images or themed pictures are often used to off-set one another

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common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three

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a picture element. Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that makes up a picture. Usually round or square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid

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is the process of taking photographs during the time of the day that is known as the blue hour. The blue hour occurs before sunrise in the morning and after sunset in the evening. The sun has dipped a certain amount below the horizon

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golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky

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images are stored as a digital file. RAW files are lossless. To reduce file size, the camera can discard part of the data not easily perceptible to the human eye. A JPEG is a lossy file. A TIFF file is, in principle, a flexible format that can be lossless or lossy

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raw image file contains unprocessed or minimally processed data from the image sensor of a digital camera. ... Canon's RAW file extension is .CR2, Nikon's is .NEF

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layered image file used in AdobePhotoShop. PSD, which stands for Photoshop Document, is the default format that Photoshop uses for saving data. PSD is a proprietary file that allows the user to work with the images' individual layers even after the file has been saved

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JPG is a file extension for a lossy graphics file. ... JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group who created the standard. JPG files have 2 sub-formats,JPG/Exif (often used in digital cameras and photographic equipment), and JPG/JFIF (often used on the World Wide Web)

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Tagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers.

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where the camera's software fully controls all aspects of the photograph, from the shutter speed to the aperture setting to the focus. The photographer has no specific control over the settings for a particular photograph

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allows the photographer to determine the exposure of an image by letting them select an aperture value and a shutter speed value. This gives ultimate control over the look of the photo

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can fiddle with the shutter speed and aperture combo. Whether you choose Auto or Program, the camera chooses an aperture and shutter speed combination that will give you a good exposure

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the photographer chooses the shutter speed that they wish to shoot at and let the camera make a decision about what aperture to select to give a well exposed shot

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the photographer sets the aperture that they wish to use and the camera makes a decision about what shutter speed is appropriate in the conditions that they are shooting in

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measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. By choosing a higher ISO you can use a faster shutter speed to freeze the movement

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Image noise is random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise. It can be produced by the sensor and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera. ... Image noise is an undesirable by-product of image capture that obscures the desired information

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measurement of film speed, or sensitivity to light. ASA is a scale created by the American Standards Association, but it is no longer widely used. Now, most film is labeled by ISO, which was created in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization

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grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. ... It can be objectionably noticeable in an over-enlarged photographic film photograph

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image sensor is an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image

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a camera that combines the optics and mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor, rather than photographic film

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a set of data that describes and gives information about other data

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small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images

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“Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing

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image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake

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the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a beep and some of the AF points will light up—often in a red or green color—in the viewfinder or on the display screen

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general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings. ... Auto bracketing is a feature of many modern cameras. When set, it will automatically take several bracketed shots

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predicts a photo's exposure, relative to the standard exposure, taken with the current meter reading and using the current exposure settings. In autoexposure modes, the exposure level indicator stays pegged in the middle

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a technique for adjusting the exposure indicated by a photographic exposure meter, in consideration of factors that may cause the indicated exposure to result in a less-than-optimal image

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also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode or continuous high speed mode, is a shooting mode in still cameras. In burst mode, several photographs are captured in quick succession

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a quantitative measure of lens speed, and an important concept in photography. It is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop

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aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane

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aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens. Bokeh has been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light"

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aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens. Bokeh has been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light"

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focal length of the lens is the distance between the lens and the image sensor when the subject is in focus, usually stated in millimeters

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length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph

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a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera. It allows your shutter speed to be any length you choose: one second, one minute, 17 minutes, or anything else

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apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure

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act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup

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Tripod: portable, three legged stand or frame for supporting a camera
Monopod: monopod has only one. This means that you trade some stability for ease of use, because a monopod is quicker to set up and move

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most digital cameras and camcorders include an auto white balance- a feature that balances color in images

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To make daylight sun (5500K) look warm, that same person would post produce it with a white balance of perhaps 5700K or some amount above 5500K where the light is neutral and white

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A shaded location generally produces cooler or bluer pictures, hence you need to warm up the surroundings while shooting shaded objects

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while shooting on a cloudy day. This is because it warms up the subject and surroundings and allows you to capture better shots

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used for light under a little bulb like tungsten, and it is often used while shooting indoors. The tungsten setting of the digital camera cools down the color temperature in photos

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This mode is used for getting brighter and warmer shots while compensating for the cool shade of fluorescent light

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flash mode is required when there is inadequate lighting available. This mode helps pick the right White Balance under low light conditions

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involves taking a photo of something white or mid-grey in the same light where you will be shooting your subject. You then select the camera's custom white balance mode and set it to use the photo of the white or mid-grey thing as reference

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shadows can be used to convey strong emotion, particularly in portrait photography. They can also be used to add a sense of mystery, and drama to a composition.