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Standards & Ethics for Counselling in Action

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Standards & Ethics for Counselling in Action

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Standards and Ethics for Counselling in Action (Counselling in Action series) by Tim Bond (1)

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kathryn schultz regret you tube - Bing video

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YouTube Howard Schultz 2020 MSNBC Howard Schultz CNN Interview YouTube Howard Schultz 2020 TYT Howard Schultz On the View Howard Schultz YouTube Haekler Schultz Racing Howard Schultz CNN Town Hall Schultz vs Ken Houston Howard Schultz Politics Howard Schultz Full Video YouTube Howard Schultz Smirconish YouTube Howard Schultz Smerconish Howard

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Grief can be overwhelming - you don’t have to deal with it alone. Cruse Bereavement Support is here. Call our helpline or chat online.

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This will help students monitor their personal attendance and ensure they keep to 80% Attendance for both training days and the experiential group during the academic year.

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Essay Guidance (1st & 2nd Year Students)

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Essay Guidance (1st & 2nd Year Students)

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Submission 30th June 2020

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Suggested study schedule between face to face training

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The Attachment and Trauma Treatment Centre for Healing (ATTCH)

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ATTACHMENT AND TRAUMA TREATMENT CENTRE FOR HEALING (ATTCH)

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As infants when we have healthy attachment interactions with attuned, consistently available, nurturing caregivers this lays the foundation for the optimal development of our brain and nervous system. Over time this co-regulation (assisted regulation) allows us to learn how to effectively auto-regulate (self-regulate independently).

"Window of Tolerance" a term coined by Dr. Dan Siegel is now commonly used to understand and describe normal brain/body reactions, especially following adversity. The concept suggests that we have an optimal arousal level when we are within the window of tolerance that allows for the ebb and flow (ups and downs of emotions) experienced by human beings. We may experience hurt, anxiety, pain, anger that brings us close to the edges of the window of tolerance but generally we are able to utilize strategies to keep us within this window. Similarly we may feel too exhausted, sad, or shut down but we generally shift out of this. Below is a diagram demonstrating the ebb and flow of an optimally regulated nervous system experiencing activation followed by a settling.

​​When we experience adversity through trauma and unmet attachment needs this can drastically disrupt our nervous system. Our senses are heightened and our experiences and reactions are typically intensified and strategies are less readily accessible to us (see blog post on flipping your lid). Adverse experiences also shrink our window of tolerance meaning we have less capacity to ebb and flow and a greater tendency to become overwhelmed more quickly. Learning how to track and shift our affect can be a powerful tool for promoting regulation and integration throughout the brains, body, and mind.Regarding arousal states: hyperarousal, calm arousal, and hypoarousal.

Calm arousal is the ideal state and that most times during the day we fluctuate within various levels of calm arousal. However, when we become to over-stimulated (fear, pain, anger, trauma triggers etc) to the degree that it pushes us outside of our window of tolerance this is hyperarousal.

Hyperarousal is characterized by excessive activation/energy often in the form of anxiety, panic, fear, hypervigilence, emotional flooding etc. This keeps our system stuck on on and impacts our ability to relax, often making it difficult to sleep, eat and digest food, and optimally manage our emotions. At the most intensified level this may result in dissociative rage/hostility.

Hypoarousal may occur when we have too much hyperarousal, surpassing the pain/emotional overwhelm our brain/body is able to tolerate, causing us to plunge into a state of hypoarousal (shutting down or dissociating). In this state our system can become stuck on off characterized by exhaustion, depression, flat affect, numbness, disconnection, dissociation etc.This too impacts our sleep in that we may want to sleep all the time, this impacts our appetite and digestion as well and may make us feel emotionally deadened.

What I have observed however is that as human beings we only have capacity to state in one state for so long before the brain and body shifts us. For example, we can only tolerate so much pain, anxiety, fear etc before the brain and body respond and numb us to this excessive energy. Similarly people will only stay in a shut down state feeling emotionally deadened inside before the brain/body shifts us out of this often by gravitating towards (often subconsciously) things that make us feel alive. This could mean that we gravitate towards high risk behaviours or activities uncharacteristic for us to bring about that sense of excitement, activation, and vitality. Essentially we are self-preserving as there is some part of the brain / body that is not ready to be dead yet.

Many people will share that they "don't feel right", "are crazy", "messed up" etc. The know that they don't feel okay but without having experienced regulation in infancy and childhood or following unresolved traumatic experiences that remain activated in the brain and body people may grow up in a manner that they don't know how to self-regulate. Instead, people often attempt to self-regulate and bring themselves into an optimal/calm arousal level any way that they can, without even knowing this is what they are trying to do. For example someone with excessive fear may gravitate towards a depressant to calm their brain and nervous system whereas someone feeling emotionally deadened may gravitate towards a stimulant to make them feel alive.

Understanding the function of how people are responding and what may be needed to effectively shift this emotional state is critical for finding effective strategies to shift arousal that don't lead to further harm to self or others or leave the individual with a sense of shame. This can be referred to as a false refuge in that it provides the "illusion" that it is helping but in the end the problem is still there and maybe even bigger and now we have layered on shame, guilt, a sense of failure etc., as we have responded in a way that we didn't want to. A "true refuge" is something we do for ourselves that effectively allows us to shift towards our optimal arousal zone while building competencies and taking care of ourselves in a manner that feels good.

Parents, loved ones, and teachers/staff can help by identifying and labelling (making observations based on how children are presenting) "It looks like you are feeling overwhelmed, why don't we take a break" etc. Dan Siegel refers to this as "name it to tame it". Naming it allows for a sense of understanding and being seen as well as validation. When we stop to notice (within ourselves or others) this can be a powerful grounding tool. Children, youth, and adults should be encouraged to focus mindfully on noticing how they feel, how their body feels, and identifying what they need to feel right again. Our goal is to essentially broaden this window of tolerance increasing capacity for people to hold emotional experiences (even intense ones) without become dysregulated or going into a state of hyper or hypo arousal. Below is a great visual by NICABM to help understand this concept.

When we understand where people are within this window of tolerance it allows us to target treatment or teach them and their loved ones skills and strategies to effectively promote affect regulation. The function of the behaviour is important to understand with compassionate curiosity. For example, for the person who is self harming are they self harming because the pain they feel is so intense that the self-harming behaviour is the only thing that provides release, or are they doing so because they feel so emotionally deadened that they self-harm to feel alive. This can help to effectively target treatment. If we have too much discharging the excess energy and intense emotions ​will often help to shift things, think about it...this is precisely what happens when intense emotions build then explode out of us through conflict or chaos. There is a release of the emotional build-up but it is messy and harmful for us and those around us. Instead learning how to effectively release these intense emotions can be helpful. Similarly if we are feeling shut down using strategies to optimally stimulate our brain and nervous system in a healthy and empowering manner can shift us out of this state in a away that feels good for us.

I have included some sample interventions below, but again these are general strategies. Those unique to the individual will have the greatest efficacy. Often these can be discovered in therapy as well, at ATTCH we train therapists all over the world to learn how to deliver trauma-specific integrative treatment many other professionals are also providing training in these areas and as such the amount of therapist providing integrative trauma treatment is growing regularly.

Some examples for shifting arousal levels are included below.

The key is figuring out what works and when. At times some activities may be down regulating / grounding while at times the same activity may be stimulating. Try different things and find what works well for you. Practice strategies when you are calm and on a regular basis, this will build your capacity to access these when you start to become overwhelmed. If introducing activities to a client or loved one, it is important to monitor the affect of the individual you are working with and request feedback from them to notice how they are feeling.

Sample activities to decrease arousal include:

Diaphragmatic breathing (deep and slow tummy breathing)

Drinking from a straw

Throwing a therapy / yoga ball at a blank wall or outside wall

Jumping on a trampoline or mini trampoline

Weighted blanket

Warm water

shaking or stomping out excess energy

Therapy / yoga ball (rolling along back when child / youth is lying face down on mat - gentle but firm pressure)

Heavy work (lifting, pulling, pushups, wheelbarrow races, crab walk, leap frog etc.)

Music (soothing and calming music and sounds)

Comforting food (hot chocolate or something chewy but smooth such as a tootsie roll)

Sample activities to increase arousal include:

Anything that stimulates the senses!

Smelling essential oils (smell is the fastest way to the thinking brain - where are strategies are!)

Chewy crunchy food

Use of sensory shaker (ball pit) for tactile input

Movement

Jumping on a trampoline or mini trampoline

Gently sitting and bouncing on therapy ball (simulating rocking motion)

Rocking chair

Weighted blanket

Finger painting

Water play with a straw (blowing through the straw)

Dancing and music

Elevated arousal makes it more likely that an individual will be more reactive, startle more readily, have difficulty concentrating and focusing, feel unsafe in open or crowded spaces, and constantly be scanning for threat even when no threat is present (Scarer, 2013; van der Kolk, 2014; Steele, & Kuban, 2012). This is important information for schools to understand as well. ATTCH offers a trauma-informed schools trainings. See t rauma-informed schools tip sheet for further information and ideas. ​

When providing support to others it is important to recall that trauma is marked by a loss of control, therefore the ability to establish control and experience a sense of safety and empowerment is of priority in the face of real or perceived threat. Dan Hughes provides a great visual for this (see below) demonstrating how warm touch, face, voice communicates with our amygdala to promote a sense of safety. I would suggest (based on Stephen Porges work) that this generalizes to all interactions when we are communicating with a soft voice, soft facial expression, gentle posturing, and gentle and welcomed touch this promotes a sense of safety and provides a calm attuned presence. You can increase empowerment and safety as follows:

Respond in a right-brain (sensory) rather than left-brain (cognitive) level. Adjust the tone, volume, cadence of your voice, proximity, body posturing, breathing etc., to a level that will present as calm helping to coregulate the individual you are interacting with

Validate their emotions and offer to help them regulate (it looks like you are feeling angry, would it be helpful if we..(insert strategy known to help here)

Allow for choice and control (when in an activated state threat is readily perceived and in fact assumed - this is why reactions are often so exaggerated. To reduce the arousal level provide opportunity for them to do what they perceive as necessary to return to calm (going for a walk, throwing a ball around etc)

Do not engage in behavioural and cause and effect approaches (i.e., if you do this then...). These are higher function, left-brain responses and not something they are capable in the moment, rather this is likely to result in increased escalation.

In summary learning how to shift your arousal level, the arousal level of your loved ones, or those you work with can be a powerful tool for promoting integration and building competencies. It can also lead to feeling more comfortable in ones own body and more confident in the ability to manage emotions and maintain relationships.

If you are a seeking to learn more about becoming trauma informed or providing trauma specific treatment please see our certification and training section to learn about upcoming events.

Wishing you and yours a gentle rest of your day!

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Understanding and Working with the Window of Tolerance

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As infants when we have healthy attachment interactions with attuned, consistently available, nurturing caregivers this lays the foundation for the optimal development of our brain and nervous system. Over time this co-regulation (assisted regulation) allows us to learn how to effectively auto-regulate (self-regulate independently).

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Essay Guidance (1st & 2nd Year Students)

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Essay Guidance (1st & 2nd Year Students)

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Submission 11th January 2020

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Transcript by Katia Houghton

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Melanie Klein workshop 2 edited transcript

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Transcript by Katia Houghton

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By Katia Houghton

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Klein's Contribution to the Language of Psychotherapy

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Klein's Contribution to the Language of Psychotherapy

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Klein's Contribution -  Language of psychotherapy 1

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9 Attitudes of Mindfulness

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Katia Houghton

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WCTC  Policy - Personal Safety and Managing Threatening or violent behaviour 

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WCTC  Policy - Personal Safety and Managing Threatening or violent behaviour 

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Personal Safety & Violent Behaviour management

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CPI Management of Actual or Potential Aggression

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CPI Management of Actual or Potential Aggression

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5 Phase of Aggression Cycle

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5 Phase of aggression cycle and how to manage it

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Power Point: Block 1 Day 1: Introduction and Orientation

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Power Point: Block 1 Day 1: Introduction and Orientation

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Block 1 Day 1 Introduction and Orientation

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Consider narcissistic activity within the characters of the movie and reflect on dismissive, scheming and predatory behaviours.

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Essential Reading - Details found on Diploma Student Plan Autumn Term September 8th 2019

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Essential Reading - Details found on Diploma Student Plan Autumn Term September 8th 2019

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Essential Reading - Details found on Diploma Student Plan Autumn Term  September 22nd - October 19th 2019

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Essential Reading - Details found on Diploma Student Plan Autumn Term  September 22nd - October 19th 2019

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Essential Reading - Details found on Diploma Student Plan Autumn Term October 27th - November 17th

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Essential Reading - Details found on Diploma Student Plan Autumn Term October 27th - November 17th

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Lacan is notoriously difficult to read, and this is intentional (he is drawing attention to the complexity of language and thought, constantly making the listener/reader think). It takes some getting used to. I recommend reading the text slowly, concentrating on short sections (reading qualitatively rather than quantitatively!), and not worrying too much when it becomes incomprehensible in patches.

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This gives some background to the Insight meditations

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Trauma is Really Strange by Steve Haines

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Trauma is Really Strange by Steve Haines

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Adjustment to training programme due to Covid 19

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Adjustment to training programme due to Covid 19

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As guest workshops have been postponed, we will be considering the use of Supervision and the Experiential group as a focus to this weekend's training.

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Coping with Trauma-Related Dissociation Skills Training for Patients and Therapists by Suzette Boon, Kathy Steele, Onno van der Hart

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A Brief History of Narcissism

Livingston Smith , D. (2004). A Brief History of Narcissism, in J. Cooper(ed.). & N. Maxwell (ed.). Narcissistic Wounds. London: Whurr PP 3 - 15

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Introduction and Setting the Scene

Symington, N. (1998). Narcissism a New Theory. London: Karnac PP 1 - 16

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The Fragile Self: Preface

Mollon, P. (1993). The Fragile Self. London: Whurr PP vii – ix

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Klein’s Story

Etherington, L. (2019). Who the Hell is Melanie Klein. Woolverstone: Bowed & Brazil PP. 5 – 19

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The Origins of Transference

.Klein, M. (1987). The Origins of Transference, in J. Mitchell (ed.). The Selected Melanie Klein. New York: Free Associated Press PP 201 - 210

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Melanie Klein: Subject Relations

Gomez, L. (1997). An Introduction to Object Relations. London: Free Association Books PP 29 – 53

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Melanie Klein

Symington, N. (1986). The Analytic Experience. London: Free Association Books PP 254 – 262

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The Importance of Symbol-Formation in the Development of the Ego

Klein, M. (1988). Love, Guilt and Reparation and  Other Works 1921 – 1945. London Vintage PP 219 – 232

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Melanie Klein Part 2

Symington, N. (1986). The Analytic Experience. London: Free Association Books PP 263 – 276

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Notes on some Schizoid Mechanisms

Klein, M. (1988). Envy and Gratitude and other works 1946 – 1963. London: Vintage PP 1 – 24

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Phantasies and Feelings

Segal, J. (1995). Phantasy in Everyday Life. London: Karnac PP 37 - 49

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The Equilibrium between Paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions

Steiner, J. (1992). The Equilibrium between Paranoid-schizoid and the depressive positions. The New Library of psychoanalysis 14: 46 - 58

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Some Theoretical Conclusions Regarding the Emotional Life of the Infant

Klein. M. (1988). Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946 – 1963. London: Vintage PP 61 - 93

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The Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Leiberman, A. R. (2004) The Narcissistic Personality Disorder, in J. F. Masterson (ed.) & A. R. Leiberman (ed.). A Therapist’s Guide to the Personality Disorders. Phoenix: Zeig, Tucker & Theisen PP 73 – 90

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A Study of Envy and Gratitude

Klein, M. (1987). A Study of Envy and Gratitude, in J. Mitchell (ed.). The Selected Melanie Klein. New York: Free Associated Press PP 212 - 229

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The Phenomenology of Narcissism

Symington, N. (1998). Narcissism a New Theory. London: Karnac PP 61 – 72

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Object Relations and the Formation of the Self

Johnson, S. M. (1987). Humanizing the Narcissistic Style. London: Norton PP 12 - 38

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Humanizing the Narcissistic Style by S M Johnson p 12 - 38

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Humanizing the Narcissistic Style: Introduction

Johnson, S. M. (1987). Humanizing the Narcissistic Style. London: Norton PP 3 – 11

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The Relation between Trauma and the Narcissistic Option

Symington, N. (1998). Narcissism a New Theory. London: Karnac PP 73  - 80

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‘I am Glad I’m Late’

Twomey, D. (2004). ‘I am Glad I’m Late’, in J. Cooper (ed.) & N. Maxwell (ed.). Narcissistic Wounds. Gateshead: Whurr PP 127 – 136

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The Reversal of Narcissism

Symington, N. (1998). Narcissism a New Theory. London: Karnac PP 81 – 95

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The Healing Process: Self- psychology and beyond

Mollon, P. (1993). The Fragile Self. London: Whurr PP 177 – 188

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Films we will be considering ( and Books to Own 

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Films we will be considering ( and Books to Own 

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The two films we will be considering this term are:
Anna Karenina (2012) Directed by Joe Wright
Hilary and Jackie (1998) directed by Anand Tucker

The papers included on this 'wall' will give you a taster of the books that we will use this term; and you may want to own a copy of them.

If you could only have 5 books to own I would suggest these:

1. The Analytic Experience by Neville Symington
2. The Selected Melanie Klein by Juliet Mitchell (ed.)
3. An introduction to Object Relations by Lavinia Gomez
4. Narcissism a New Theory by Neville Symington
5. Narcissistic Wounds by Judy Cooper (ed.) & Nilda Maxwell (ed.)

Other Suggestions:

**A Therapist's Guide to the Personality Disorders by James Masterson (ed.) and Anne Leiberman (ed.)
**A Dictionary of Kleinian Thought by R.D. Hinshelwood
**Love, Guilt and Reparation and other works 1921 - 1945 by Melaine Klein
**Envy and Gratitude and other works1946 - 1963 by Melanie Klein
**The Fragile Self by Phil Mollon
Who the Hell is Melanie Klein by Lucy Etherington
**Phantasy in Everyday Life by Julia Segal
**Humanizing the Narcissistic Style by S.M. Johnson
**Clinical Klein by R.D. Hinshelwood
**Melanie Klein: A Graphic Guide by R. D.  Hinshelwood & S. Robinson
**Full Catastrophe Living by Jon Kabat Zinn
**Little Book of Mindfulness by Patrizia Collard

Please don't restrict your wider reading to these; and choose reading materials (by respected authors in the field of counselling and psychoanalysis) that resonate with you. This includes journals e.g.  BACP Therapy Today.

Many additional Klein papers can be found on-line; however those found on column 2, 3 and 4 are the suggestions for this term.

If additional materials are not available in the library at WCTC;
also consider public libraries and other on-line resources such as Google Scholar.

The Melanie Klein Trust has lots of suggestions for further reading: www.melanie-klein-trust.org.uk

I have included a download from Klein's Narrative of a Child Analysis to give you a 'flavour' of how Klein worked with children.

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Klein, M. (1998). Narrative of a Child Analysis . London: Vintage

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Klein, M. (1998). Narrative of a Child Analysis . London: Vintage

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Year 1 & 2

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The Body Keeps the Score by Bessell Van Der Kolk 

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The Body Keeps the Score by Bessell Van Der Kolk 

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Please read Part 1 - 4 before Block Weekend 5 in preparation for the workshop with Philippa Dryland.
Other papers will be posted on the Preparation column for this workshop.

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Anxiety is Really Strange by Steve Haines

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Anxiety is Really Strange by Steve Haines

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An ACE score is a tally of different types of abuse, neglect, and other hallmarks of a rough childhood. According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, the rougher your childhood, the higher your score is likely to be and the higher your risk for later health problems. You can take the test below:

So, you've got your score. Now what?

First, remember that the ACE score isn't a crystal ball; it's just meant as guidance. It tells you about one type of risk factor among many. It doesn't directly take into account your diet or genes, or whether you smoke or drink excessively - to name just a few of the other major influences on health.

To learn more, check the CDC's ACE Study website. You'll find, among other things, a list of studies that explore the ways adverse childhood experiences have been linked to a variety of adult conditions, ranging from increased headaches to depression to heart disease.

Remember this, too: ACE scores don't tally the positive experiences in early life that can help build resilience and protect a child from the effects of trauma. Having a grandparent who loves you, a teacher who understands and believes in you, or a trusted friend you can confide in may mitigate the long-term effects of early trauma, psychologists say.

"There are people with high ACE scores who do remarkably well," says Jack Shonkoff, a pediatrician and director of the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University.

Resilience, he says, builds throughout life, and close relationships are key. Recent research also suggests that for adults, "trauma informed" therapy - which can center on art, yoga or mindfulness training - can help.

How best to find and help kids who are experiencing abuse and neglect right now?

Child psychologist Hilit Kletter, of Stanford University's School of Medicine, says that to spot these children, she looks for visible signs of stress to understand what might have happened to them and how best to intervene. Some kids have nightmares or recurring thoughts of a stressful event, she says, or may re-enact the trauma through play. Or the child may seem distracted or withdrawn.

"This will come out at school," Kletter says. "Teachers will tell parents [their child] seems to be in a daze in the classroom, not paying attention."

Kletter says reactions to trauma are sometimes misdiagnosed as symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, because kids dealing with adverse experiences may be impulsive - acting out with anger or other strong emotions.

"It's something that's very common in trauma: difficulty in regulating emotions and behavior," she explains. "That's why a lot of these kids get in trouble with the classroom."

Shonkoff's research center at Harvard tests interventions that can build resilience in kids who are growing up with adverse experiences - not just problems in the family, such as those the ACE study investigated, but also trauma stemming from poverty, for example, or from the chronic stress of racial or gender discrimination.

To bolster parents, the Harvard team is testing interventions right now that use video coaching to show moms and dads how to engage their babbling infants, using sounds and facial expressions in a style Shonkoff calls serve and return.

Shonkoff says these early interactions - a kind of conversation - have been shown to help children with later learning and literacy. Even more important, they boost kids' resilience, by helping them build secure attachments with caring adults. Research suggests that just one caring, safe relationship early in life gives any child a much better shot at growing up healthy.

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Take The ACE Quiz - And Learn What It Does And Doesn't Mean

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An ACE score is a tally of different types of abuse, neglect, and other hallmarks of a rough childhood. According to the Adverse Childhood Experiences study, the rougher your childhood, the higher your score is likely to be and the higher your risk for later health problems. You can take the test below: So, you've got your score.

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Dan Segal - Mindfulness and Neural Integration

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Dan Segal - Mindfulness and Neural Integration

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At the start of this talk, Dan Segal refers to Fred Rogers who was an iconic children's presenter in USA. Rogers promoted the message that emotions are mentionable and manageable.
In his television shows - Mr Rogers' Neighbourhood', he tackled subjects such as bereavement, divorce and violence; and over several decades gave children permission to express their emotions at a time when this was unthinkable to many.
Tom Hanks plays Fred Rogers in 'A Beautiful Day in the Neighbourhood' (2020). Well worth watching for some back ground research, and a 'Rotten Tomatoes' rating of 95%

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Mindfulness and Neural Integration: Daniel Siegel, MD at TEDxStudioCityED

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Waking the Tiger - The Animal's Experience

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Waking the Tiger - The Animal's Experience

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Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the Tiger. Berkley: North Atlantic Books

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Working with Complex Trauma and Dissociation Part 1

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Working with Complex Trauma and Dissociation Part 1

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Facilitated by Philippa Dryland

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Trauma Wantage Counselling Service February 22nd 2020

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Philippa Dryland

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Aspects of Phase 1 work with trauma WCTC 22nd February 2020

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Philippa Dryland

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Recognizing Signs of Hyperarousal / Hypoarousal 

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Recognizing Signs of Hyperarousal / Hypoarousal 

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Philippa Dryland

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Recognising signs of hyperarousal hypoarousal and ventral vagal states WCTC 22nd February

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Philippa Dryland

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Handout case study WCTC 22nd February 2020

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Preparation for Lacan Workshop Facilitated by Katia Houghton

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A few people have contacted me recently via this site asking for suggestions of what to read, either by way of introduction to Lacan or for an alternative perspective on his work. The list below are some of the titles I usually recommend to them. By adding it to the site it will hopefully help others with the same question, but it is by no means an exhaustive list, and represents my own opinions only, so feel free to add your own recommendations in the comments section below.

For those curious, the image above dates from 1874 and depicts delegates of the Congress of Orientalists inspecting the Rosetta Stone, the key to the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphs. In the first text I recommend below, Lacan compares Freud as pioneer not to Christopher Columbus, as has often been suggested, but to Jean-François Champollion who in 1822 published the first translation of the Rosetta Stone.
Gentle Introductions to Lacan

As the Écrits are famous for being somewhat gruelling, and the Seminars sometimes very long-winded, I would recommend the uninitiated or simply curious investigator start with the interview Lacan gave to the French news weekly L'Express in 1957. The interview has value beyond its conciseness. According to Roudinesco's biography, the interviewer insisted that Lacan agree to the condition that he speak as if to a lay audience, and avoid the kinds of highfalutin rhetoric he was already becoming infamous for. You can find a copy of the interview here (link downloads the Word doc).

If the reader is not familiar with it already, Darian Leader's Introducing Lacan is a deceptively simple but masterly piece of compression, providing a great taste of the old man's very tricky ideas with verve, wit and crystal clarity.

And so to Zizek - probably the world's most well-known Lacanian, his name is now so closely associated with Lacan in the popular mind that it would be stupid to neglect him on a list like this. I would recommend anything by the 'earlier period' Zizek, but especially The Sublime Object of Ideology and Looking Awry: An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture. Whilst he divides opinion amongst Lacanians, these two works in particular are a pleasure to read. Zizek has not always been as well-known as he is now, and an amusing story about how he first emerged on the scene is worth recounting. In the early nineties, in the wake of the Sokal and Bricmont affair, there was great suspicion across academia of anyone purporting to talk with authority about continental philosophy. When a hyperactive, bearded Slovenian philosopher with what seemed to be a made-up name emerged on the scene with a book entitled Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Lacan (But Were Afraid to Ask Hitchcock) many academics, wary of being duped again, believed this was another hoax and refused to take it seriously. An astonishing beginning for a man who has introduced so many readers to Lacan's work! In his more recent work, Zizek's own introduction to Lacan, the cheekily-titled 'How to Read Lacan' is highly recommended, and what's more, you can read the full book for free at Lacan.com here.

Translator of Lacan's Écrits Bruce Fink has authored a number of great books on Lacan. His 'The Lacanian Subject' provides perhaps one of the best introductions to Lacan's thought, written with great clarity and (mercifully) without pretension.

Another introduction to Lacan's work that must get frequently overlooked, perhaps on account of its title, is Van Haute's 'Against Adaptation'. Strictly speaking it is, according to its subtitle, an introduction to Lacan's paper 'Subversion of the Subject', but the ground it covers is much wider, and Van Haute does a great job bridging Freud's thought with Lacan's.

Finally, as one of Lacan's former students, Moustafa Safouan's slim volume Four Lessons of Psychoanalysis is another easily-digestible introductory work.

Gentle Introductions to Freud

A reader of Lacan is a reader of Freud, and there's nothing like the man himself to provide the best introduction to his own work. The Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis and New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, from two very different periods of his work, make fascinating reading side-by-side and give a great overview of what he considers to be the most important of his discoveries in each period. Freud's method of introduction to psychoanalysis (repeated in The Question of Lay Analysis), of pre-empting and responding to the criticisms that sceptics are likely to make against his thought, give the first-time reader a brilliant way to approach his work.

Whilst 'The Interpretation of Dreams' remains his definitive masterwork, On Dreams - a more condensed and accessible paper introducing his dream theory - provides a less punishing introduction than the hefty full book itself.

Going beyond these introductory texts from Freud's own hand, anyone new to his work could do worse than follow these with his Papers on Metapsychology, from the middle-Freud period, which offer an introduction to the theory of psychoanalysis. And at the same time, and from around the same period, his so-called 'technical papers' on the technique and practice of psychoanalysis will provide a good accompaniment to round-out the theory.

Some other authors also provide great introductions to Freud's work. I would particularly recommend the late Richard Woolheim's Freud for a solid general overview. Whilst not a Lacanian exposition, Jean-Michel Quinodoz's Reading Freud: A Chronological Exploration of Freud's Writings - the result of many years' laborious seminar work with his students - will provide the reader with a paper-by-paper analysis of Freud's key texts, with commentary situating the issues explored by each in modern-day psychoanalysis, and historical notes on the cultural and institutional background these works sprang from.

Taking Things Further

To take your reading a bit further, there are some great works on psychoanalysis by non-Lacanians. I would certainly recommend Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen's Lacan: The Absolute Master as a more 'advanced' introduction to Lacan's work.

Jean Laplanche is to my mind one of the very few analysts who can give Lacan a run for his money when it comes to the reading of Freud. He's not as creative a thinker as Lacan, but his work has extraordinary rigour and clarity. His series of lectures are published in French as the Problematiques. I am only aware of a single English translation of this series, The Unconscious and the Id, but I cannot recommend this highly enough if you've grasped the rudiments of Freud and want to get deeper into psychoanalytic theory. It is also interested to compare Laplanche's style of delivery (the Problematiques were given as a series of lectures) to Lacan's more animated, idiosyncratic, method of exposition. A more systematic exposition of the ideas in the Problematiques can be found in his New Foundations for Psychoanalysis.

Finally, one of Lacan's contemporaries, the philosopher Paul Ricoeur, also writes the excellent Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, which is worth checking out too. Lacan was apparently angered by its appearance in 1970, at a time when Lacan dominated the French psychoanalytical scene. Turning to the index it will be noted that Lacan's name appears only in footnotes, with the exception of one dismissive reference to Lacan owing the idea of the unconscious structured like a language from Merleau-Ponty. This might explain Lacan's irritation.

Clinical Perspectives

People used to complain about the deficit of available clinical material published by Lacanian psychoanalysts. In the last ten to fifteen years that has changed greatly. There are a handful of general clinical introductions worth checking out. Fink has published two: Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique and A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis. Philip Hill has a larger volume called Using Lacanian Clinical Techniques, and more recently, a highlight from last year, Michael J. Miller's Lacanian Psychotherapy: Theory and Practical Applications is also highly recommended. Paul Verhaeghe's On Being Normal and Other Disorders: A Manual for Clinical Psychodiagnostics does a good job of situating Lacanian psychoanalysis within the wider context of modern mental health treatments, and engaging with them on terms that are their own.

On more specific areas of symptomatology, three books by the aforementioned Darian Leader are worth checking out: What Is Madness? on psychosis; The New Black: Mourning, Melancholia, and Depression on depression; and Why People Get Sick: Exploring the Mind-Body Connection on psychosomatic disturbances.

Outside the Lacanian world, I would recommend the Edward Glover's 1955 The Technique of Psycho-Analysis, and the classic from former IPA president Horacio Etchegoyen, The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique. This should give any reader an idea of how different analysts from various orientations and across the generations have approached clinical problems.

Finally, an alternative view comes from Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, more recently infamous to psychoanalysts as one of the co-authors of the French-only 'The Black Book of Psychoanalysis', which caused quite a stir when it was released and has contributed to the current parlous standing of psychoanalysis even in France. I would strongly recommend two of his books, Making Minds and Madness: From Hysteria to Depression and Remembering Anna O.: A Century of Mystification, both of which are written in a crystal-clear, easy-to-read style and provide, in my opinion, the most fascinating food for thought for those susceptible to the so-called 'Cult of Lacan'. Everyone should read Lacan with a healthy skepticism, and Borch-Jacobsen's work provides the best antidote.

Lighter Reading
Psychoanalytical Reference Works

To help the reader of Lacan through all the psychoanalytic jargon littering the field (and there is plenty!) there are two reference works I would consider absolutely indispensible. First, from a Lacanian perspective, Dylan Evans' An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis - a terrific accomplishment unrivaled to this day - and second, from a more general psychoanalytic perspective, Laplanche and Pontalis' The Language of Psycho-Analysis. The latter has sat on every psychoanalyst's bookshelf since the 1960s.

As mentioned above, this is by no means an exhaustive list - feel free to add your own recommendations in the comments below.
By Owen Hewitson, LacanOnline.com

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A few people have contacted me recently via this site asking for suggestions of what to read, either by way of introduction to Lacan or for an alternative perspective on his work. The list below are some of the titles I usually recommend to them.

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Introduction to the commentaries on Freud's Papers on Technique

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Introduction to the commentaries on Freud's Papers on Technique

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Miller, J.A (1975)The Seminar of Jaques Lacan Book 1 Freud's papers on Technique.Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press

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The Mirror Stage and the Formation of the I

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The Mirror Stage and the Formation of the I

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Preparation for Lacan Workshop Facilitated by Katia Houghton

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Trauma survivors have symptoms instead of memories

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Trauma survivors have symptoms instead of memories

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Trauma survivors have symptoms instead of memories

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To treat traumatic memories we have to wake up thinking

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How to tell which part is speaking or reacting

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Autonomic Nervous System Precision Regulation

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Autonomic Nervous System Precision Regulation

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Babette Rothschild

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Somatic Trauma Therapy - Website of Babette Rothschild, MSW, author of The Body Remembers and other books, and the 8 Keys Self-Help Series, all published by W. W. Norton & Co.

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Lacan - The Mirror Stage, The Imaginary, and Social Media (How am I not myself?)

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The Real (as opposed to the Imaginary and the Symbolic

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The Real (as opposed to the Imaginary and the Symbolic