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A Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor device that permits current to flow in either a forward or reverse direction. The diode consists of a special, heavily doped p-n junction, designed to conduct in the reverse direction when a certain specified voltage is reached.

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Watt's Law states that: Power (in Watts) = Voltage (in Volts) x Current (in Amps) P = V I Combining with Ohm's law we get two other useful forms: P = V*V / R and P = I*I*R Power is a measurement of the amount of work that can be done with the circuit, such as turning a motor or lighiting a light bulb

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the SI unit of power, equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and the current one ampere.

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A Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter, often called a multitester, can measure current on more than one scale

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A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter.

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an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.

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The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. It is named after the Italian physicist

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A variable resistor is a resistor of which the electric resistance value can be adjusted. A variable resistor is in essence an electro-mechanical transducer and normally works by sliding a contact (wiper) over a resistive element.

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Valence shell is the outermost shell of every element. Atom of every element have different electronic configurations based on the atomic number of each element. Electronic configuration refers to the distribution of electrons in various shells/orbits/energy levels of every atom.

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solve serious problems for a company or other organization.

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a semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in addition to rectification.

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Often times people feel a shock when they touch the metal screws on the light switch due to a static discharge. Static electricity is the build-up of electrical charges ...

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A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. ... In the 1970s the solderless breadboard ( a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these. Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable.

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A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

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A combination circuit is one that has a "combination" of series and parallel paths for the electricity to flow. Its properties are a combination of the two. In this example, the parallel section of the circuit is like a sub-circuit and actually is part of an over-all series circuit.

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In a series circuit, the current through each load is the same and the total voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each load.

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Semiconductor-based temperature sensors, or integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensors, operate with reverse bias, have a small capacitance and a low leakage current. They are formed on thin wafers of silicon. They are compact, produce linear outputs, and have a small range of temperature.

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A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or secondary cell, (or archaically accumulator) is a type of electrical battery which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery, which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use.

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An electronic symbol is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit

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A schematic diagram is a picture that represents the components of a process, device, or other object using abstract, often standardized symbols and lines. Although schematic diagrams are commonly associated with electrical circuits, many examples can be found in other industries.

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a device having a designed resistance to the passage of an electric current.

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the refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument.

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a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign

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A primary cell is a battery (a galvanic cell) that is designed to be used once and discarded, and not recharged with electricity and reused like a secondary cell (rechargeable battery). In general, the electrochemical reaction occurring in the cell is not reversible, rendering the cell unrechargeable.

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the ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality.

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Polarity in a Parallel Circuit. Just as in series circuits, electrical current flows “from negative to positive” through each of the load components in a parallel circuit

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An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope or o-scope, CRO (for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is a type of electronic test instrument that graphically displays varying signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot

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a law stating that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.

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An ohmmeter is an electrical instrument that measures electrical resistance (the opposition offered by a substance to the flow of electric current) .

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a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

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a machine, especially one powered by electricity or internal combustion, that supplies motive power for a vehicle or for some other device with moving parts.

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a device for giving light, either one consisting of an electric bulb together with its holder and shade or cover, or one burning gas or a liquid fuel and consisting of a wick or mantle and a glass shade.

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LEDs (light-emitting diodes) that are just as bright as bulbs, last virtually forever, and use hardly any energy at all.

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an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

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Integrated circuits are the little black "chips", found all over embedded electronics.

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a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound.

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 

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IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

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An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows.

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Hybrid cars combine battery-powered electric motors and gas-powered internal combustion engines to provide impressive fuel economy gains

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The electrical generator here refers mainly to Alternating current generators used for AC power generation driven by prime movers such as internal combustion

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Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma.

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A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, which produces short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow.

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a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

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An electrode is a solid electric conductor that carries electric current into non-metallic solids, or liquids, or gases, or plasmas, or vacuums.

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Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. In early days, electricity was considered as being unrelated to magnetism.

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Electrical engineering is one of the newer branches of engineering, and dates back to the late 19th century

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Direct current (DC) is an electric current that is uni-directional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction

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a semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only.

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Current is the rate of flow of electricity.

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the SI unit of electric charge, equal to the quantity of electricity conveyed in one second by a current of one ampere.

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A continuity tester is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points; that is if an electrical circuit can be made.

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In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of charge (electrical current) in one or more directions.

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A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.

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A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electrical or electronic components

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By definition, cellular engineering is a bioprocess that applies the principles of cellular or mole- cular biology to manufacture cell products for the regen- eration or repair of tissue and organ.

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A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic component with two terminals.

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A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars.

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An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that constitutes a chemical element

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An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit.

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American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge, is a logarithmic stepped standardized wire gauge system

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Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.

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The United States Army Corps of Engineers is a federal agency under the Department of Defense that primarily oversees dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, as well as a wide range of public works throughout the world.

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A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss, a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads.

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a framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts, supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure

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A Total Station is a modern surveying instrument that integrates an electronic theodolite with an electronic distance meter. ... Total Stations use electronic transit theodolites in conjunction with a distance meter to read any slope distance from the instrument to any particular spot.

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Robotic Total Stations (RTS) are a rare exception to this dilemma. RTS can provide impactful benefits with minimal fuss. It is also a straightforward technology, with a clear path to implementation.

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the action of twisting or the state of being twisted, especially of one end of an object relative to the other.

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A tie, strap, tie rod, eyebar, guy-wire, suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear structural components designed to resist tension. It is the opposite of a strut or column, which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.

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In physics, tension may be described as the pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, a cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod, truss

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A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. Outside Tibet and Bhutan, where the first examples of this type of bridge were built in the 15th century, this type of bridge dates from the early 19th century.

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A strut is a structural component commonly found in engineering, aeronautics, architecture and anatomy. Struts generally work by resisting longitudinal compression, but they may also serve in tension

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A structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals.

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The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a building or object. The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members

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Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures and their components. Structures subject to this type of analysis include all that must withstand loads, such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, furniture, attire, soil strata, prostheses and biological tissue.

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Statics deals with stationary objects(bridge). Dynamics deals with things in motion(cannonball).

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Static loading is a load that doesn't change over time. In engineering, static loads tend to be better defined and require less of a safety factor on them then dynamic loading.

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The force which tend to shear off the section and is obtained as the algebraic sum of all forces including the reactions acting normal to the axis of the beam either to the left or right of the beam. Sign convention. Positive Shear Force.

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Pavement, in civil engineering, durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or similar area. ... Such a pavement has enough plasticity to absorb shock. Rigid pavements are made of concrete, composed of coarse and fine aggregate and portland cement, and usually reinforced with steel rod or mesh.

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Pier, in building construction, vertical loadbearing member such as an intermediate support for adjacent ends of two bridge spans.

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Construction Loads are defined as, loads imposed on a completed or temporary structure during and as a result of the construction process.

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Geomatics Engineering is the management of global infrastructure through the collection, measuring, monitoring and archiving of geospatial data.

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In physics and engineering, a free body diagram (force diagram, or FBD) is a graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and resulting reactions on a body in a given condition.

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Floor joists are used to support a floor that spans over an open area, like over a basement, crawl space or lower floor level or between shed floor beams. It is like a mini bridge that is only supported at each end.

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a state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

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Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of determining the length between two points, using phase changes, that occur as electromagnetic energy waves travels from one end of the line to the other end.

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Dynamic loading is a mechanism by which a computer program can, at run time, load a library into memory, retrieve the addresses of functions and variables contained in the library, execute those functions or access those variables, and unload the library from memory.

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In mechanics, compression is the application of balanced inward forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or torque directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions

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A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.

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an engineer who designs and maintains roads, bridges, dams, and similar structures.

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The central core describes the five regions of the brain that are present in all vertebrate creatures and are responsible for the most basic and essential biological and sensory life processes.

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A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers, structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end.

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a device fitted to something, in particular a weak or injured part of the body, to give support.

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shape or force (something straight) into a curve or angle.

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Beam bridges, also known as stringer bridges, are the simplest structural forms for bridge spans supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support, hence their structural type is known as simply supported

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A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points.

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An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side.

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a structure built to support the lateral pressure of an arch or span, e.g. at the ends of a bridge.

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The yaw axis has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed towards the bottom of the aircraft, perpendicular to the wings and to the fuselage reference line.

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The primary application of wind turbines is to generate energy using the wind

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Thrust, whether caused by a propeller or a jet engine, is the aerodynamic force that pushes or pulls the airplane forward through space.