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William Penn - William Penn, a wealthy aristocrat from Britain, was granted land in the Middle colonies by the English king.  This land would become known as Pennsylvania.  Penn was a Quaker as well as a pacifist and because of this, the colony of Pennsylvania was very tolerant of other religions, such as Protestants, Catholics, and Jews.

Quakers - The Quakers, officially known as the “Religious Society of Friends,” believed that all people, regardless of gender or race, were equal.  At the time, these beliefs were considered radical and they faced persecution in England.  As a result, many came to America in search of religious freedom.  Pennsylvania, founded by a Quaker, was largely populated by such people and became known as “a Quaker haven.”  Quakers were very tolerant as well as pacifists, meaning that they did not believe in war.  Such beliefs allowed them to peacefully coexist with people of differing religions and with the Native Americans living near them for a brief period of time.

As the Quakers believed all people were equal, even women could preach in churches.

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What were the main objectives of the settlers?
Due to the Columbian Exchange, Britain’s economy began to drastically alter, both nobles and peasants being negatively affected by this change.  As the nobles’ wealth was diminishing, the peasants were losing land and as a result, the British were eager for economic opportunities as well as new land.  Other English, such as the Quakers, were searching for religious freedom and improved living conditions.  Greatly differing from the Spanish and French, Britain had settled in the Americas to establish homes and because the Middle colonies were proprietary, meaning that they were private and owned individually, they attracted large numbers of diverse settlers who were seeking such opportunities and freedoms.

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The British Middle Colonies were made up of of Delaware,Maryland, New Jersey,Pensylvania, and New York. The Middle Colonies had many harbors, bays, and rivers. That was why fishing bcame a very popular activity. This also allowed for many ships to come in and excange goods and creted major trade centers. It also had a moderate climate which made it very easy to farm there and allowed the place to have fertile soil and land. The farmland also made it great for producing livestock. There were many trees in that region wich made producing natural resources such as timber very easy as well.

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What tribes did they encounter?
The three major tribes that the Spanish encountered were the Taino, Aztec, and Inca. The Taino people were the first Natives that Christopher Columbus came into contact with on San Salvador. Hernan Cortez was the Spanish conquistador most well-known for conquering the Aztecs in Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro was another conquistador who conquered the Inca in Peru.

What was their relationship like?
The Taino were already a complex tribe with their own religious, political, and social systems. They were skilled in many different areas that were unfamiliar to the Spanish such as agriculture, hunting, and artisanship. Unfortunately the Spanish took advantage of the skills of the Taino people, forcing them into slavery. They were treated very poorly under the control of the Spanish and exploited. This enslavement, maltreatment, and disease brought by the Spanish caused the Taino population to decrease to a fraction of what it originally was before the Spanish arrived.
The Aztecs, led by Montezuma II, welcomed Cortes and the Spanish at first because Montezuma believed Cortes was a god. The Aztecs were intrigued by Spanish animals and weaponry. Cortes and his men captured Montezuma in an effort to conquer Tenochtitlan, the capital city of the Aztec Empire in 1519. The Spanish had made an alliance with the Tlaxcala, who despised the Aztecs for conquering their land. Cortes and his men ended up murdering Montezuma, conquering the Aztec Empire, and enslaving its inhabitants.
The Incan Empire was located in Peru. The Incas were already living in an unstable as they were suffering from disease and the empire was split between two brothers who wanted to rule. Francisco Pizarro took advantage of this and was able to begin his conquering of the Incan Empire in 1532. Over the course of 40 years, the Spanish demolished Incan cities, took most of their gold, and almost wiped out the entire empire.
Hernan Cortes

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Where in the world did the European Empire colonize?

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Where in the world did the European Empire colonize?

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By: Emily Barbire
- The European Empire colonized mostly in North America. The French created New France. New France was mostly in the northern part of modern America and parts of Canada. They occupied areas of land in Canada, Louisiana, Maine (Acadia), and Michigan. They also occupied other scattered areas that stretched to the Caribbean and to parts of Mexico as well. For example, they occupied the Virgin Islands.

Citations:
-  https://thehistoryjunkie.com/european-colonization/
- https://cdn.britannica.com/53/89953-050-F9C2DB0B/map-voyages-Jacques-Cartier.jpg

Images:
- This image illustrates a map of New France.

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The tribes that the English encountered in Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina include Powhatan, Algonquian Chesepian, Chickahominy, Doeg, Mattaponi, Nansemond, Pamunkey, Pohick, Powhatan, Rappahannock, Siouan Monacan, Saponi, Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee, Meherrin, Nottoway, and Tuscarora and many more. The relationship that the British had with these natives was relatively hostile. The English had immediately waged war on these natives and had begun to take them into slavery. One of the only "exceptions" was the peace treaty with the Powhatan with which John Brown had married the Chiefs daughter, Pocahontas.

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John Smith- He was an english adventurer who was the leader of the Jamestown colony.Instituted strict rules to help the colonists in Jamestown survive.Formed a peace treaty with the Powhatan tribe by marrying Pocahontas.

Lord Baltimore- Was the governor of the colony of Maryland and provided religious freedom to all Christian colonist who came there.This encouraged many colonists to migrate to the South because of their journey to find religious freedom.

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Encomienda System- a Spanish labor system in which explorers and conquerors of land in America were rewarded with groups of native people to perform manual labor and be under their control. The people forced to do the labor were non-Christians and were “rewarded” by their owners for their work and in return received protection.

Mission System- missions established by the Spanish to convert the natives to Christianity sometimes by force. These missions were meant to influence the native people by giving them religious and cultural guidance and instruction.

The Columbian Exchange- the exchange of goods, organisms, and diseases between the Old World and the New World after the New World was discovered by Columbus.

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella- helped finance Columbus’ journey.
Christopher Columbus- Was originally trying to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia but instead ended up traveling to the Americas.
Hernan Cortes - Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico

Francisco Pizarro - Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire in Peru

Tenochtitlan - The capital city of the Aztec Empire

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Where in the New World did the European Empire Colonize?
The European Empire colonized in many different parts of the New World. Some of the parts included The Caribbean Islands (mainly Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Puerto Rico), Mexico, most of Central and South America, and what is now known as Florida and California.

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What tribes did they encounter?

The tribes that were encountered was the Iroquois Confederacy and the Huron when they teamed up with France to go against the Iroquois Confederacy and the British.

What was the relationship like?

The Iroquois Confederacy was the largest native nations on the continent. They had an organized government and were armed with European guns and trapped beaver fur and other pelts in upstate New York and Pennsylvania. During the Beaver Wars of the 1640's, they were fighting France and the Hurons over beaver pelt hunting grounds and rights in the Ohio Valley and they teamed up with the British, giving an alright relationship between the two. They have defeated numerous other native tribes during this time and chasing them out of their land. In Pennsylvania, the European and Native American relationship was much friendlier due to William Penn and the Quakers.

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By: Emily Barbire

Samuel de Champlain: He was a French explorer. Champlain established the first ever permanent French settlement in North America. His settlement was in Quebec Canada.

New France: This was the original area of colonization that the French occupied during the start of exploration of the New World.  It included areas from parts of Canada all the way to sections of the Gulf of Mexico.

Fur Trading: This was the widespread exchange of animal furs throughout the New World.

Citations:
- https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/colonial-america/early-english-settlement/a/french-and-dutch-colonization-lesson-summary
- https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/french-explorers/
- https://miro.medium.com/max/1181/1*n6IxtaPUHTdRVD14et8OnQ.jpeg

Images:
- This image illustrates fur trading.

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aThe colonies located in New England that were claimed by the British were the Connteticut colony, Colony of Rhode Island, Massachussets BayColony, Plymouth Colony, the Province of Newhampshire, and the Providence Planattions.

The New England colonies laid only the eastern coast and had flat, rocky land, because of this it was difficult for farming.

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Who were the most important people in the Empire?
John Smith and the Puritans
John Smith: mapped New England and wrote a book about it called, A Description of New England.  While the European powers were expanding in  the North, John Smith was mapping New England.  The region was named by him.  John Smith explored the shores and soon settled.
Puritans: The Puritans were not happy with the religion at the Church of England.  They found it to be the same as the practices in the Roman Catholic Church.  The Puritans migrated to New England and set a foundation for religion and social order.  Their beliefs were spread throughout America by other religious communities.  Puritanism played a huge role in the lives of Americans.
John Rolfe:
He was the first to cultivate tobacco in Virginia and marries Pocahontas.
Citations:
https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/puritanism
https://www.britannica.com/place/New-England
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/john-smith-coined-the-term-new-england-on-this-1616-map-180953383/

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What were the main objectives of the Empire?

One of the main goals of the Spanish empire wanting to have colonies in the newly discovered Americas was so they could acquire new wealth from agriculture and mining  precious metals such as gold and silver. They used the Encomienda system to control the native people and have them perform the manual labor required for the Spanish people to become rich. When the Encomienda system was no longer in place, the Spanish switched to using African slaves to do all of their work for them with no effort of their own. Another major goal of the Spanish in creating colonies in the Americas is that they hoped to convert large numbers of native people to Christianity. Their attempts to convert the native people were met with varying results: some natives fully converted and began practicing Christianity, some converted to Christianity but still practiced their original religion, and some native people outright refused to convert to Christianity at all. Since Spain had funded Columbus's first trip to the Americas, they wanted to claim as much land as they possibly could since they believed it rightfully was theirs since, as a country, they were there before any other country.

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Goals? What were the main objectives of the settlers? 

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Goals? What were the main objectives of the settlers? 

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The main objectives of the settlers was to have a new start at a place with new possibilities and attain wealth, have big estates and prosper. Such dreams weren't possible back home for them because there just wasn't any more room for estates and they couldn't just buy one because by law all the estates were passed down to the oldest son.

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What tribes did they encounter?

Tribes that New England colonists encountered included the Wampanoag, Nipmuck Pocumtuc, Narragansett, Mohegans, and Mohawks. Other tribes in the area were the Massachusett, Nauset, East and West Niantic, Pequot, Tunvis, Paugusett, Massabesic, Quinnipiac, as well as more.
The Wampanoag, Nipmuck Pocumtuc, and Narragansett tribes fought against the New England settlers in the first Indian War. The Mohegans and Mohawks were tribes allied with the settlers and fought with them in the first Indian War.

What was their relationship like?

The relationship that the British settling in New England and Native Americans had was originally very good. The settlers wanted to build relationships and an infrastructure and the Native Americans wanted to build an alliance. They created a relationship built on trade and their devotion to spirituality. However, smallpox and other diseases that were unknowingly brought on ships from Britain began to kill large amounts of the Native American population. This greatly damaged their relationship. This was used as an excuse to convert Native Americans to Christianity and settlers began to believe that this disease was a sign that they were meant to have the land. Conflict and the execution of three Wampanoag people, lead to the first Indian War. What was another name for the first Indian War? This war lasted 14 months (1675 - 1676) and was one of the deadliest in american history. To finally end it, a treaty was signed in April of 1678.
Before Puritans forcibly converted Native Americans, they were urged to live in "praying towns." These were towns specifically established to convert Native Americans to Christianity. They even translated the bible from english to algonquian so Native Americans could read it. Unfortunately though, not everything stayed was as happy and civil. Puritans in Massachusetts allied with the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes again the Pequot. Without their allied tribes knowing of their plan, the puritans massacred many of the Pequot people.

Map of Native Settlements and Trails (1600 - 1650)

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Where? Name the Colonies. Geographic Features.

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Where? Name the Colonies. Geographic Features.

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The British Southern Colonies consisted of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Geographically it's very suitable for farming. There are also forests, meaning the colonists could get timber, hilly coastal plains, rivers and swamps.

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What were the main objectives of the Empire?

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What were the main objections of the settlers?

The main objective of the British settlers was something spiritual.  Although the reason for settlers coming to colonize land in America was mostly spiritaul, another reason was because of economics. However, economics was the second reason right under spirituality. The New Englanders wanted to leave Britain beacuse they were fed up with the ceremonial Church of England. The British which were Puratins believed that the churchś practices closely resembled the practices of  Roman Catholics. When the settlers came to America, obviously there were already Native peoples in the land that the settlers were going to colonize. So another reason for going to America was to convert others. They wanted to convert the Native peoples to be Puritans and practice that religion.

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Name the Colonies:

Geographic Features

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Name the Colonies:

Geographic Features

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Where in the New World did the European Empire Colonize?

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What were the main objectives of the Empire?

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What tribes did they encounter?

What was the relationship like?

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From Jamestown until the early stirrings of the American Revolution, colonial America became the foundation of the United States.

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Period 2: 1607-1754 | AP®︎/College US History | Khan Academy

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Where in the New World did the European Empire Colonize?

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What were the main objectives of the settlers?

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What tribes did they encounter?

What was the relationship like?

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EUROPEAN Colonization in the Americas [APUSH Review Unit 2 Topic 2] Period 2: 1607-1754

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Name the Colonies:

Geographic Features

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What were the main objectives of the settlers?

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What tribes did they encounter?

What was the relationship like?

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On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

Key Concept 1.2: Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

Key Concept 1.3: European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.

If you are having trouble accessing the video please check here for our YouTube version:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YHHH92pZmU

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On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world. Key Concept 1.1: As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

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What were the main objectives of the Empire?

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What were the main objectives of the settlers?

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What tribes did they encounter?

What was the relationship like?

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What tribes did they encounter?

What was the relationship like?