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The ecological niche of a characteristic animal: European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

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The ecological niche of a characteristic animal: European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)

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The hedgehog was named because of its peculiar foraging methods. These animals root through hedges and other undergrowth in search of the small creatures that compose the bulk of their diet—insects, worms, centipedes, snails, mice, frogs, and snakes. As a hedgehog picks its way through the hedges it emits piglike grunts—thus, the hedgehog. Although traditionally classified in the now abandoned order Insectivora, hedgehogs are omnivorous. They feed on insects, snails, frog and toads, snakes, bird eggs, carrion, mushrooms, grass roots, and berries. It can be primary or secondary consumer based on what it eats. Hedgehogs are prey for foxes and badgers, who use their long claws to uncurl the hedgehog from their defensive ball.
Hedgehogs are one of the few mammals that are true hibernators.

https://www.worldlandtrust.org/species/mammals/european-hedgehog/

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The ecological niche of a characteristic animal:

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The ecological niche of a characteristic animal:

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Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) is a carnivore and has the following main prey categories:
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, crayfish, and other aquatic invertebrates including molluscs.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4994076/

http://www.otter.org/public/AboutOtters_OtterSpecies.aspx?speciesID=1

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Viscum Album is an evergreen hemiparasitic shrub, growing on different woody hosts and has cardioprotective effects.

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Some mushrooms eg. Flammulina velutipes

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Fungi eg Powdery mildew  (Uncinula necator)

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Two organisms that share the same food (niche partitioning) and the way that they manage it in BFNP:

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Two organisms that share the same food (niche partitioning) and the way that they manage it in BFNP:

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The nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) lives in the shrub level of the forest. The great tit (Parus major) lives in the canopy level. Both species are insectivorous songbirds of domestic forests and are competing for food, yet they live permanently side by side because they collect their prey from elsewhere.

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Anyarozs/Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) is a grain parasite black, purple-colored plant pathogen, a phytopathogenic fungus, which has an elongated, curved, black sclerotia of 2–5 cm long, in the mature stadium.

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The predator: Hamvas rétihéja (Circus pygargus)
The prey: The European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus)

The predator: The saker falcon (Falco cherrug), an endangered bird of prey
The prey: The European hare (Lepus europaeus)

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The possible reason for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park. 

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The possible reason for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park. 

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The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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The Magyar Madártani és Természetvédelmi Egyesület in Hungary is the leading non-profit, non-aligned (apolitical), charitable, nature conservation organisation in Hungary. The Society undertakes practical work to conserve Hungary's biodiversity based on sound scientific research. MME advocates effective conservation of birds and their habitats by government at a national and local level and supports this work through educational programmes and its membership, which is open to all who share its goals. MME works internationally as a member of the BirdLife International Partnership.
They focus on The European roller (Coracias garrulus), The European bee-eater (Merops apiaster), The white stork (Ciconia ciconia) and highly protected predator birds and owls.

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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The number of European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) is continuously decreasing. There was a conference in Hungary in October 2018 as a part of RAPTORSPREY LIFE project about it. In the last 52 years the European ground sqirrel stocks declined by 71%. Since 2014 the decline stopped, but still in danger. Current stock estimation is about 1500-2000 individuals. The main reason of the decline of this endemic species is the habitat loss due to increasing area of short-grass meadows. It is a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List of Theratened Species.
http://sakerlife3.mme.hu/sites/default/files/vii_egsm_book_of_abstracts_prn6.pdf

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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Please see a video and further info about the red sludge disaster in my 1st padlet. It happend in Hungary in 2010 and a similar case in Brazil on 26th January 2019 where a dam collapsed in Minas Gerais:
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/8284196/brazil-dam-collapse-sludge-dead-missing/

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in BFNP

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Number of European honey bee (Apis mellifera) families are declining in Hungary especially in the last few years. The main reasons for bee-decline are linked to industrial agriculture, parasites/pathogens and climate change. The loss of biodiversity due to monocultures and the wide-spread use of bee-killing pesticides are particular threats for honeybees and wild pollinators.

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Several frog rescue tours are organized every spring in Hungary to save frogs, whose winter and summer habitat is splitted with roads.

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Unsuccessful mass introduction of Eel (Anguilla anguilla) stocks started in 1961 till 1990 to Lake Balaton with about 3-4million offspring a year. The strategy was completely wrong as the economic benefits were more important than the risk of ecological damage. The overstocking was led to mass destruction in 1985, 1991 and 1992.

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Clmate change is affecting Hungary and BFNP significantly. According to climate-models, incidences of extreme temperatures in the summer will increase in the future. The annual mean temperature will increase by 1-2.5°C in the 2021-2050 period while the degree of warming will reach 2-5°C by 2071-2100. Temperatures will be 6 °C warmer on average in the distant future especially in South-East Hungary i.e. the consequences of climate change are territorially differentiated.
This change will have/is having a huge effect on biodiversity. Plenty of plant and animal species won't be able to adapt especially not in such a short period. Our climate will be hotter and drier with more weather extremes.

The topic "Importance of biodiversity" should get significantly higher media coverage in order to make people more aware of the situation. Climate change is a topic, but you can't hear enough about the harm of invasive species and importance of biodiversity. Since I have been taking this course I am talking to a lots of people and I am very surprised how few information people have about this topic even if they are educated.
I consider plastic pollution as extremely harmful and feel importance to ban or tax it.
Sustainability should be a must for all industries regulated on governmental level.
I'd target millenials and young people with campaigns using all trendy online surfaces and apps as they are more open and sensitive in general for the topic

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Invasions of alien species in BFNP during the last decade

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Invasions of alien species in BFNP during the last decade

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Iberian slug (Arion lusitanicus)
The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
Harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis)

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Invasions of alien species in BFNP during the last decade. 

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Invasions of alien species in BFNP during the last decade. 

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Following species from the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species are present in the area of BFNP: cat (Felis sylvestris), European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), wild boar (Sus scrofa),  common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), red fox (Vulpes Vulpes), steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), trout (Salmo trutta), house rat (Rattus rattus), Bemisia tabaci, European carp (Cyprinus carpio), The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), Harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) etc. although some of them are not considered invasive in this area as they are endemic eg. cat, straling, wild boar, red fox.

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Wildlife overexploitation in BFNP for the food industry, pet market, traditional medicine or the fashion industry.

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Wildlife overexploitation in BFNP for the food industry, pet market, traditional medicine or the fashion industry.

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In Europe nearly 80% of the native fish species are endemic and 37% of them are threatened, which is high compared to other taxonomic groups. There is evidence that 13 fish species have already gone extinct in Europe, with five others facing impending extinction. The greatest threats to native European fish are pollution, habitat fragmentation and destruction, loss and the spread of invasive alien species. The effects of climate change (e.g. drought) have been shown to drive the deterioration of freshwater ecosystems, and fish living in shallow waters of wetlands are in particular danger.

Desiccation frequency drives local invasions of non-native gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) in the catchment of a large, shallow lake (Lake Balaton, Hungary)

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Species appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Species appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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The velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca)

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Species appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Species appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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More than 10 Sorbus species eg Sorbus bakonyensis, Sorbus bodajkensis, Sorbus ujhelyii

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Possible signs of climate change in BFNP, such as weather extremes.

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Possible signs of climate change in BFNP, such as weather extremes.

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According to the systematically collected and evaluated climate data series of the Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ), an increase (more than 1,2 °C in average) can be observed in the mean annual temperature since the early ‘80s in Hungary.
http://www.klimavalasz.hu/en/climate-change-hungary

https://www.climatechangepost.com/hungary/climate-change/

https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/agriculture-and-climate-change-conference

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Species  appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Species  appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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The eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca)

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Species appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Species appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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Astacus astacus
(European crayfish)