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Definition:
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and manage one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

High level and low level/advantages and disadvantages
People with high levels of this trait can build very strong relationships as they are well attuned to their own feelings and emotions, and those of others and they may be more sensitive and be seen by others as overly analytical those of others. This can lead to them having issues with maintaining relationships with lower emotional intelligence, who are less able to control their emotions.

On the negative end of the scale, people with low emotional intelligence may be quick to anger, and find it difficult to see the point of view of other people. There are some careers in which having low levels of emotional intelligence may be seen as an advantage, for example, computer programming.

Mesure:
The MSCEIT V2.0 is a 141-item, ability-based measure with four subscales (Mayer et al., 2000).
The MSCEIT V2.0 is a newly developed, 141-item scale designed to measure the following four branches (specific skills) of EI: (a) perceiving emotions, (b) using emotions to facilitate thought, (c) understanding emotions, and (d) managing emotions. Each of the four branches is measured with two tasks. Perceiving emotions is measured with the faces and pictures tasks; facilitating thought is measured with the sensations and facilitation tasks; understanding emotions is measured with blends and changes tasks; and managing emotions is measured with emotion management and emotional relationships tasks.

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1) Individuals open to experience tend to be attentive to and curious about their inner (i.e emotions, thoughts) and outer (i.e activities foods, social values, clothes) experiences (Hanley et al., 2017).
2) A person who is high in openness to experience is creative, flexible, curious and adventurous. A person who is low in openness to experience tends to enjoy following routines, likes predictability and structure and tends not to engage his imagination on a regular basis.
3) Defined as active imagination (fantasy), aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety and intellectual curiosity (According to NEO personality inventory).

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Definition: Optimism is defined as a person's general predisposition to be optimistic in their mood or their temperament, and the reason for this view maybe because of the individual's personality or a genetic disposition (Carver & Schevier, 1981; 1985).
Advantages: Courage to do anything; People work harder (Puri & Robinson 2007); Reduced stress level and long lifespan.
Disadvantages:
More unhappiness because they have too many expectations (as they tend to underestimate risk and are more likely to suffer setbacks); Decreased productivity (Hobbard)
inaccurate estimation
about self and others (Shepperd, William,Water & Weinstein, 2013); Save less money because they tend to make riskier investments and are always positive about higher yields (Puri &Robinson, 2007)
Measurement:
There are various instruments to measure optimism e.g. Optimism - Pessimism Instrument (Dember, Martin, Hummer, Howe, & Melton, 1989); Hope Scale (Snyder et al, 1991); Anticipated Life Events Survey (Andersen, 1990); The most famous Life Orientation Test (LOT; Scheier & Carver, 1985), there is a link: http://www.midss.org/sites/default/files/lot-r.pdf

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1.  Materialism has been defined by Dittmar et al. (2014) as ‘individual differences in people's endorsement of values, goals, and associated beliefs that centre on the importance of acquiring money and possessions that convey status’.

2. People how high on this trait tend to have lower personal well-being or greater financial debt, and also less concerned about the environmental issues.
If they low on this trait, they may people low in materialism felt able to overcome danger and typically moved toward greater intimacy.

3. Richins and Dawson's (1992) widely used 18‐item MVS (e.g., ‘I admire people who own expensive homes, cars, and clothes’).

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People high on this trait tend to describe their emotional states as rather intense, sometimes interrupting their daily life, thus often associated negatively with emotional instability, anxiety, being moody and pessimistic, impulsive etc.

On the positive end people with problems in controlling their emotions can be very sensitive, empathetic and excitable, which can result in creativity and being positively self-aware if looking for help with their self-regulation.

Many personality disorders are being characterized as neurotic, such as borderline personality disorder. People that are strongly neurotic might be more likely to develop disorders such as anxiety, mood disorders and others.

Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R-S) short form neuroticism scale can be used for measurement of this trait.

A sample neuroticism quiz:
https://www.psychologistworld.com/influence-personality/five-factor-test/neuroticism-quiz

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Agreeableness, the personality tendency to be warm, coopera- tive, and prosocial, is one of the strongest predictors of interper- sonal adjustment across development (see Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000, for a review). Agreeableness reflects the desire to maintain harmonious social relationships (Graziano & Eisenberg, 1997).
On the positive end, people are very friendly, warm, nice, easy to get on with, gentle, peaceful, patient. And on the negative valance, the person is typically aggressive,unfriendly, arrogant, unpleasant, difficult to get on with, quick tempered, choleric, stubborn, quarrelsome.
Advantages for this trait are ability to work as part of a team and can mediate in areas of conflict. Sociable and cooperative with good empathetic nature. However on the flip side disadvantages are that they lack leadership and tend to be taken advantage of which may lead to inner conflict. There may also be a tendency to promoter a false image of personality.
Measure:
The International Personality Item Pool - 100 items
Example items: Cooperative, Considerate, Sympathetic
Participants need to indicate how accurately those traits above describe them.- Goldberg, 1992

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Independent vs. Interdependent

Markus and Kitayama (1991) coined the term self-construal in describing ways that individuals define and make meaning of the self.

The essential aspect of this view involves a conception of the self
as an autonomous, independent person (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

Plays important role in regulating and determining one's behaviours when communicating and adapting to situations (Kiuchi, 2006).

People with high levels of this trait have perceptions of a distinct unique inner self and is prevalent in western cultures compared to eastern cultures (Imada & Ellsworth, 2011)

Advantages:

Associated with high social status (Francais, 2005).

Feeling separate from others, being able to pay attention to one’s abilities, traits, preferences, and emphasise one’s own goals over other’s. (Imada & Ellsworth, 2011)

Disadvantages:

Avoid dwelling on negative aspects of self which may lead to less self-rumination (Elliot & Coker, 2008)

Measured by:
A 24-item scale measures both independent and interdependent self-construal. For example, a statement such as “speaking up in class is not a problem for me” was a part of the scale and the person answering the scale would either write they strongly disagree (1) or strongly agree (7) (Singelis, 1994).

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- Definition: "It is an action or response by an individual that delivers something unpleasant to other person".  That action tends to be harmful.

- Advantages
A- Leadership
The trait of aggression is a strong indicator of leadership.
B- Open mindness & critical thinking
Aggressive people tend to think through things examining them from all sides and do not easily jump to conclusions
C- Bravery
Aggressive personalities are able to take on risk without shrinking from challenges or threats
D- Speaking-up for what is right even in the mindst of opposition
E- According to a study by Cromach and Elbert (2014), aggression reduces the vulnerability for developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in insecure and violent environment.

Disadvantages
A- Destroying the relationship with others (Brophy, 1996).
B- Not receiving respect from other (Bierman et al. (2006)
C- Difficulties reaching out higher level of success

Measurement:
- Most common method used -
'Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire' (Buss-Perry, 1992).
- A 29-item self-report questionnaire.
- Includes sub-scales assessing: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility.
- Scored on a 5-point scale.

* A person with high scores on aggression tend to exhibit physical and verbal abuse.
A person who scores high in aggression is more likely to be assertive, domineering and energetic.

* A person with low scores on aggression tend to be more passive, agreeable and relaxed.

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People high on this trait have an increased sense of self-awareness, that can make them feel uncomfortable in social situations. The opposite end is being very comfortable in social situations and not worrying about how they may be perceived.
Research recognizes a difference between private and public self-consciousness.

Being high in self-consciousness, correlates with anxiety, paranoia and depression. Self-consciousness helps self-awareness and sensitivity and as such is a foundation for social interaction.

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A revised version for use with general populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 687-699.
An example item is 'I feel nervous when I speak in front of a group" (public self-consciousness) or "I'm always trying to figure myself out" (private self-consciousness).
Participants indicate agreement or disagreement with items on a four-point scale.

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1. - In lay terms creativity describes a creator, illustrator, expressionist, artistic, innovator and divergent thinker.
- In academic terms, a singular definition of creativity seems a little illusive. In a review of different academic definitions, Runco & Jaeger (2012) state that the definition should include elements of originality and effectiveness of ideas or products. Effectiveness may mean usefulness, fit appropriateness or value of the end product.
- May says that creativity requires passion and commitment.

2. -  Pros: Thinking outside the box, innovative ideas, greater awareness and connectivity
Cons: Frustration due to ideas being less accepted vs. traditional norms of functioning, social isolation due to difference with others.

3. Since a singular definition of creativity is illusive, measurements of creativity are always criticised. Though Divergent Thinking(DT) and Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (TTCT) are usually used. Both testing the creativity on objective scales, usually fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration.

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- What does your trait mean (what does it mean to have a high level of this trait, what does being on the other end of the trait mean)?

The belief in a just world is mainly studied how individuals maintain and defend their beliefs from possible threats (Miguel et al., 2014).

The more subjects were aware of their own unfairness, the more the personal belief in a just world showed a negative impact on self-esteem (Dalbert, 1999).

Individuals have a need to believe that they live in a world where people generally get what they deserve. The belief that the world is just enables the individual to confront his physical and social environment as though they were stable and orderly. Without such a belief it would be difficult for the individual to commit himself to the pursuit of long range goals or even to the socially regulated behaviour of day to day life. Since the belief that the world is just serves such an important adaptive function for the individual, people are very reluctant to give up this belief, and they can be greatly troubled if they encounter evidence that suggests that the world is not really just or orderly after all (pp. 1030–1031). (Lerner and Miller, 1978)

- Why might it be good? Why might it be bad?

Advantages:

1. To induce people to engage in wide-ranging pro-social activities (Kristjánsson, 2004)

2. BJW as a coping mechanism that may both buffer stress and facilitate achievement striving was reviewed (Furnham, 2003)

3. Belief in a just world is associated with greater life satisfaction and well-being and less depressive affect.(Furnham & Procter, 1989; Lipkusa, Dalbert & Siegler, 1996)

Disadvantages:

1. Higher general BJW was linked to more dishonest behavior (Wenzel, Schindler & Reinhard, 2017)

-An example of how the trait is measured, with an example item if it is a self-report questionnaire (include name of author & year)

Chose perhaps the most common theory in social psychology—the five-factor model (FFM), which suggests five basic dimensions of personality

References

Dalbert, C. (1999). The world is more just for me than generally: About the personal belief in a just world scale's validity. Social Justice Research, 12(2), 79-98.

Furnham, A. & Procter, E. (1989). Belief in a just world: review and critique of the individual difference literature. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 365–384.

Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: research progress over the past decade. Personality And Individual Differences, 34(5), 795-817. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00072-7

Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1030-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Lipkus, I. M., Dalbert, C., & Siegler, I. C. (1996). The Importance of Distinguishing the Belief in a Just World for Self Versus for Others: Implications for Psychological Well-Being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(7), 666–677.

Miguel R. Ramos, Isabel Correia & Hélder Alves (2014) To Believe or Not to Believe in a Just World? The Psychological Costs of Threats to the Belief in a Just World and the Role of Attributions, Self and Identity, 13:3, 257-273, DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2013.798890

Kristjánsson, K. (2004). Children and the Belief in a Just World. Studies In Philosophy And Education, 23(1), 41-60. doi: 10.1023/b:sped.0000010695.02262.fb

Wenzel, K., Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M. (2017). General Belief in a Just World Is Positively Associated with Dishonest Behavior. Frontiers In Psychology, 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01770

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Definition:Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to identify and manage one's own emotions, as well as the emotions of others.

Mesure:
The MSCEIT V2.0 is a 141-item, ability-based measure with four subscales (Mayer et al., 2000).
The MSCEIT V2.0 is a newly developed, 141-item scale designed to measure the following four branches (specific skills) of EI: (a) perceiving emotions, (b) using emotions to facilitate thought, (c) understanding emotions, and (d) managing emotions. Each of the four branches is measured with two tasks. Perceiving emotions is measured with the faces and pictures tasks; facilitating thought is measured with the sensations and facilitation tasks; understanding emotions is measured with blends and changes tasks; and managing emotions is measured with emotion management and emotional relationships tasks.

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- Perfectionism is a personality trait characterizing (1) persistent needs to reach achievement, and (2) concern over the perfectionist's mistakes and others' evaluation of how they have performed on the task (Leone & Wade, 2018). (1) is known as a 'healthy perfectionist', whereas (2) is known as an 'unhealthy perfectionist'.
- Stoeber & Otto (2006) have charted out what characteristics fit which type of perfectionist: (1) Healthy Perfectionist: score high in perfectionist striving and low in perfectionist concerns. (2) Unhealthy perfectionists: score high in both variables. (3) Non-perfectionists: show low levels of perfectionist striving. However, there exists a diverse range of different types of perfectionism which researchers have divided out.
- Advantages: individual tends to succeed at tasks; individual goes the extra mile to achieve higher standards; motivated, determined and persistent characteristics; the aforementioned qualities are typically admired and may reinforce perfectionism despite its potentially deleterious effects.
- Disadvantages: reaching perfection tends to disrupt social relations, as does having perfectionist standards for others; deadlines may not be met because of a need to re-examine their work; high stress and anxiety.
- The Adaptive-Maladaptive Perfectionism Scale (AMPS) was developed by Rice & Preusser (2002) to measure if perfectionism was evident in children as young as 9 to 11. The items range from mistakes, self-esteem, personal standards, organization, need for control etc. Children were assigned self-report questionnaires based on a 4-point Likert scale.
- Hewitt & Flett (1991) is a measure of trait perfectionism that consists of the following subscales: self-oriented perfectionism (e.g.,"One of my goals is to be perfect in everythingI do”), other-oriented perfectionism (e.g., “If I ask someone to do something, I expect it to be done flawlessly”), and socially prescribed perfectionism (e.g., “Anything that I do that is less than excellent will be seen as poor work by those around me”).  Each item was rated using a 7-point Likert scale ranging between 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree). In terms of test-retest reliability, the scale was adequately stable over a period of three months in university student samples (r= 0.75 to 0.88). The internal consistencies ranged between 0.86 and 0.89 for the subscales. (Chen, Hewitt and Flett, 2017).
- There can be negative perfectionism, or neurotic perfectionism, leans towards striving for levels of performance that are hard to achieve and and are often unsatisfied with what they achieve. On the other end of perfectionism is considered positive or normal perfectionism and deals more with a competitive natural that isn’t necessarily unhealthy whilst the negative end of the spectrum leads towards conditions like depression (Karimizadeh, 2015).

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Narcissism

The Oxford dictionary defines Narcissism as a person who has an excessive interest in or admiration of themselves. 'narcissists who think the world revolves around them' 'narcissists preening themselves in front of the mirror'.  Bursten (1973) claims four gradations of Narcissism, craving, paranoid, manipulative & phallic and Ronningstam (2005), a leading researcher in narcissistic disturbances identifies healthy, extraordinary, arrogant, shy and psychopathic.

High levels of narcissim are characterised by low empathy, impairment of intimacy, attention seeking, being manipulative.  Extreme levels lead to Narcissistic Personality Disorder.  People low on the narcissism trait tend to be empathetic, sensitive to others and have low self-importance.

High levels of narcissism have been beneficial in situations that require self promotion, such as job interviews.  Byrne et al. (2013) identified narcissists as excelling in decision making tasks.  However, Larsen et al. (2015) has linked narcissism to aggression.

Narcissism measures are as follows:

Older scale:

Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (1938)

I can become entirely absorbed in thinking about my personal affairs, my health, my cares or my relations to others.

More recent scale:

16-item pair measure of narcissism (2006)

Example of measurement:

I know that I am good because everybody keeps tell me so

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Empathy is the ability to understand or feel what another person has experienced within their frame of reference, and to place themselves in the position of another person to feel.
Highest: one can pick up on the feelings of others and are deeply interested in them.

Lowest: one hurts others because when they get upset they cannot control their behavior.

When measuring empathy there are several methods that have been used in both research & patient interventions

- Self report measures to assess both cognitive and emotional empathy (both as isolated constructs and in combination) are one of the most common methods of assessing empathy and some of the most widely used include the interpersonal reactivity index.

- Within clinical settings observational techniques have also been used to avoid self reporting bias, for instance Therapist Observation was used in intervention research by Hart 2008 ; Further to this the therapist behavior rating scale TBRS-3 also serves as a standardized observer report measure (Moran & diamond, 2008)

-The Jefferson Scale of Physician empathy is a self report scale designed to predict the clinical behavior of Doctors and other Health Care Practitioners. High scores predict "emotionally responsive" communicational behaviors in medical students, but are negatively associated with question asking and biomedical counseling focus (M, D, Lanoue.; D, L Rotes.  Patient Education and Counseling, Volume 101, issue 6, June 2018, pages 1143-1146.

-EMPATHY impact
positive: 1. interpersonal relationship
2. achieve social responsibility
3. empathy comments reduce pain
4. relating to others emotion
negative: 1. conflict
2. unpleasure 3. interior detachment 4.  intersubjective awareness 5. a judgement of ugliness

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People high on this trait are enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, enjoys company of others. The opposite end is introversion, which is more low key, deliberate, enjoys time by themselves.

If high on the trait, they may thrive in social settings, although could be seen as attention-seeking and domineering. If low on the trait, they are reflective, but could be seen as aloof.

Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - 12 items. An example item is 'Do you enjoy meeting new people?' and they respond yes or no.
- Francis et al (1992) published in Personality and Individual Differences.