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Attempt by National government to assist education at state and local levels. Witnessed a significant increase in Federal aid, but has been controversial. Test prep became the focus of classrooms since NCLB placed emphasis on yearly testing.

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Initiated during Obama administration, this attempted to reward school reforms with various conditions attached that result in more federal aide.
Goal: 1) Adapt standards that prepare students for the global economy. 2) Recruit, reward and develop effective teachers 3) turn around low achieving schools

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Reformers who support a national curriculum continuously use Europe as an example. In large nations like France and Germany, the education system follows a national curriculum. However, opponents warn against too much federal control and believe that education should remain at state level.

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Some reformers believe that students need to have more schooling, whether year round (with vacations) or greater days in the classroom. Like national curriculum supporters, they point to the European nations that have more than 30 days of schooling than the US. Once more opponents say this could harm the economy.

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Arguments continue over how to attract talented teachers. One key area that has occured over the last decade is greater pay fro teachers. Teachers are an integral part of a community and they need to be able to live in or near where they teach, hence increased wages. One area that has attracted a lot resistance is teacher evaluations, whether testing teacher or judging teachers by how effective their students performed on standardized exams.

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Debate over whether parents in a district should have the choice of schools to send their children to. Proponents argue that it is more democratic and allows for greater diversity, while opponents point out excessive costs.

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Charter Schools - Receive a charter from district or state to operate. Data on their effectiveness is limited. Argued that these schools takeaway from public education because charter schools require applications and can reject students. Charter schools do have different rules and forms of discipline.
Magnet Schools - schools that specialize in specific areas of education, guiding a student in their path. less popular in the 21st century.

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A voucher is tax payer money given to a family who would use it to help pay for their child's education after choosing a private school or home school. Opponents argue that it is secular government mixing with religion since many families have used the money to send their children to private religious schools. However, Supreme Court has defended voucher system's use in religious schools. Proponents argue it allows for choice while helping to supposedly ease financial burdens of education system. Opponents argue it is drawing too much money away from public schools.

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New element in education. These types of schools follow a business model. Extremely controversial because allowing private companies to create schools based on their models, while taking students and money away from public system.

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An assessment that measures what was intended for the students to learn or do rather than just testing for the correct answer. It is a performance test that gets closer to how students apply knowledge rather than ho they store it.

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Learners build and add on to their understanding of concepts, rules, and strategies through direct, hands on experimentation. In active learning, the teacher is a guide. Students need to get their hands dirty and process the topic in order to learn. Part of constructivist learners in which students take responsibility for what they are learning.

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The authors of our book argue that school should be smaller to prevent students from getting lost in giant schools. Through smaller schools, students will feel a sense of community that help foster their education apply collaboration and cooperation between the students and teachers.