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The Effect of Social Determinants on Teenage Pregnancy Rates inIndustrial vs. Non-Industrial Countries

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The Effect of Social Determinants on Teenage Pregnancy Rates inIndustrial vs. Non-Industrial Countries

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The purpose of my research is to assess how social determinants play a role in the rate of teenage pregnancy in Industrial vs. Non-Industrial countries.

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It is important to address a thesis of how social determinants effect teenage pregnancy rates in order to develop a proposal to assist in changing the trajectory of this concerning global health topic. It is theorized that negative social-economic factors will play a significant role in the elevation of teenage pregnancy prevalence in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries.

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Social determinants of health as defined by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation includes neighborhood and physical environment, economic stability, the healthcare system, community and social context, and access to health among others (Orgera & Artiga, 2018).

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How do we determine the difference between Industrial vs. Non-Industrial Countries?

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How do we determine the difference between Industrial vs. Non-Industrial Countries?

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In order to determine whether a country is developed or developing, public health officials use the Human Development Index (HDI), among other factors. The important thing about HDI is that it takes in account how the country is using its income to better the education and health of its people. When a country has a HDI of 0.788 or higher, it is considered a developed country.

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Kenya is considered a non-industrialized country with a HDI of 0.590. This country is also ranked 142nd out of 195 countries. According to the Human Development Reports, Kenya's socio-economic sustainability in non-applicable. The gross national income is $2,961, an inconsiderable amount of money, and the life expectancy rate is 67.3, (Human Development Reports, 2018).

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The United Kingdom is considered an industrial country with a HDI of 0.922, making it 14th highest HDI in the world. The socio-economic sustainability is 83.2% in the U.K. They have a gross national income of $39,116, and a life expectancy rate of 81.7 years old, which is 2.2 years more than the U.S. (Human Development Reports, 2018).

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The United States is considered an industrial country with a HDI of 0.924, making it 13th highest HDI in the world. In the U.S., the socio-economic sustainability is 96.3%, the gross national income is $52,941, and the life expectancy rate of 79.5 years old (Human Development Reports, 2018).

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United Kingdom Kingdom Teen Pregnancy Rates

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United Kingdom Kingdom Teen Pregnancy Rates

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According to United Kingdom’s (U.K.) Office of National Statistics, in 2016 the conception rate for girls under 18 was 18.9 conceptions out of 1,000 girls throughout England and Wales, 3.3 less than the U.S. This was the country’s lowest teenage pregnancy rate since 1969. (Office of National Statistics, 2016). The trend for teenage pregnancy for girls under 18 years old in the U.K. is at a steady decline.

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Disparities of Teen Pregnancy in Kenya, Africa

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Disparities of Teen Pregnancy in Kenya, Africa

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A Kenya program helped more than 100 teenage mothers to finish school. The government and U.N. state that 13,000 teen mothers leave school early due to pregnancy. It is expected that lack of education and little to no access to contraceptives play a big role in teen pregnancy rates in Kenya

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Center for Disease Control on U.S. Teen Pregnancy Rates

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Center for Disease Control on U.S. Teen Pregnancy Rates

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The CDC stated in 2015 that teen pregnancy rates were at an all time low. The birth rate of teenage pregnancies, in girls aged 15-19, was 22.3 per 1,000 girls. The CDC went on to state, “U.S. … racial/ethnic and geographic disparities in teen birth rates persist.” Furthermore, the CDC stated, “Certain social determinants, such as high unemployment, low education, and low income, have been associated with higher teen birth rates.” (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).

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United Stated Socio-Economic Contributed Teenage Pregnancy Factors

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United Stated Socio-Economic Contributed Teenage Pregnancy Factors

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According to Penman-Aguilar, Carter, Snead, & Kourtis, who conducted a 16 year long study on “Socioeconomic Disadvantage as a Social Determinant of Teen Childbearing in the U.S.” concluded that in every case as least one factor could be associated with socioeconomic factors that effected the case study participant such as low income, low education, disadvantage of neighborhood, and underemployment. (Penman-Aguilar, A., Carter, M., Snead, M. C., & Kourtis, A. P., 2011).

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The declining number of teenage pregnancy in the U.K. could be attributed to the 10-year Teenage Pregnancy Strategy for England, put into place from 1999-2010. The goal of this plan was to cut the rate of teenage pregnancy in half from the rate of 46.6 contraception’s in every 1,000 girls aged 15-17, to 23.3 in every 1,000 girls. I was framed around joined up action from national and local government, improved sexual and relationship education (SRE), more access to contraception, a national communications campaign for teenagers and their parents, and more support for young parents. This strategy stated, “The support program for young parents was an important contribution to the prevention strategy… by reducing further unplanned pregnancies and in the long term by breaking intergenerational cycles of poverty and disadvantage and reducing the risk factors for teenage pregnancy.” (Hadley, A., Chandra-Mouli, V. & Ingham, R., 2017).

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It is proposed that additional funding to areas with lower socio-economic status will be beneficial in lowering the prevalence of teenage pregnancy. As well as, providing a solid support system for young mothers today, to mirror the U.K.’s 10-year strategy. It is important to increase access to contraceptives, sex and relationship education, and a public education. All of these proposals would be effective in lowering the rate of teenage pregnancy.