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Predator-prey relations in Serra da Estrela

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Predator-prey relations in Serra da Estrela

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Red foxes live in the rural areas of the Serra's lower levels, where they feed on many small animals, including rabbits.
Along its many rivers and watercourses, the kingfisher hunts small fishes such as the Iberian nase (Pseudochondrostoma polypepis).

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Cytinus hypocistis is a species of parasitic plant which does not perform photosynthesis, but rather takes all the nutrients it needs from the root of its host plant. Its subspecies, Cytinus hypocistis subsp. macranthus, is native to Portugal and Spain and can be found in Serra da Estrela.
Other parasitic organisms that cna be found in Serra da Estrela are ticks (small arachnids belonging to the order Ixodida), especially during the summer.

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Characteristic animals of Serra da Estrela and their ecological niche

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Characteristic animals of Serra da Estrela and their ecological niche

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The larvae of the Lucanus cervus stag beetle occupy an important niche in the woodland habitats of the Serra by feeding on rotting wood, leaf mould, old trees and shrubs, tree stumps, and other decomposing plant matter.
As a large omnivorous mammal the wild boar feeds on fruits, acorns, nuts, roots, green plants and crops, as well as insects, worms, small rodents, bird eggs and even carrion. In the past, they also served as prey for the largest carnivorous mammal in Serra da Estrela, the wolf (Canis lupus signatus).

Below: Lucanus cervus larvae inside a piece of decaying wood

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Lucanus cervus cervus - Hirschkäferlarven / Stag Beetle Larvae

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Both the barn owl (Tyto alba) and the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) are raptors that prey on small mammals, birds and reptiles. This would lead not only to competition between both species, but also predation as buzzards could easily hunt and feed on barn owls. To avoid this issue, these two birds of prey are active during different times of the day: buzzards are diurnal, while owls are mostly nocturnal.

Below: a video of a barn owl being attacked by a buzzard during daytime

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Typical trophic pyramid in Serra da Estrela

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Typical trophic pyramid in Serra da Estrela

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A new species of beetle found in Serra da Estrela (link to article)

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A new species of beetle found in Serra da Estrela (link to article)

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https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3974.3.7

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I find this to be the most likely answer:
The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.