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HHDV task

1.   The median age group of death for men in Australia is 78 and for female is 84.

2.   There has been a decrease in child death because they have access to better healthcare and vaccination programs are more and more widespread.

3.   Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths of infants divided by number of live births.

4.    For males the leading cause of death are coronary heart disease followed by lung cancer and dementia. For females the leading cause of death are dementia and Alzheimer disease.

5.   Among infants, perinatal and congenital conditions caused most deaths (77% of deaths). Land transport accidents were the most common cause of death among children aged 1–14 (12%). Suicide was the leading cause of death among people aged 15–24 (34%), followed by land transport accidents (21%). For people aged 25–44, it was also suicide (21%), followed by accidental poisoning (12%). Coronary heart disease was the leading cause of death for people aged 45–64, followed by lung cancer. For people aged 65–74, it was also lung cancer followed by coronary heart disease. Dementia and Alzheimer disease was the second leading cause of death among people aged 75 and older, behind coronary heart disease.

6.   If you were born between 2014 and 2016 you are expected         to live for 33-34 years longer

7.   Table 6.3 tells us the life expectancy at birth of 10 OCED countries by sex.

8.   One common approach to calculate life expectancy is to track members of a cohort (i.e. a group of individuals born in a given year) and predict the average age-at-death for them using a combination of observed mortality rates for past years and projections about mortality rates for future years.

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1. What age group is the median age of death for males and females in Australia

In Australia the median age of death for males was 78 years, and 84 years for females.

2. Provide 2 reasons for reason for the decrease in child death

-improved access to and quality of neonatal health care

-increased community awareness of risk factors for infant and child deaths

3. Define the infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants divided by the number of live births.

4. What are the leading causes of death for males and females by gender ?

The leading causes of death for males in order is coronary heart disease, lung cancer, dementia and Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Whereas for females leading causes in order it is dementia and Alzheimer disease, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

5. What are the leading causes of death by type?

The leading causes of death by type for under 1 is perinatal and congenital conditions, 1-14 year olds is land transport accidents. 15-25 year olds as well as 25-44 year olds is suicide. 45-64 year olds is coronary heart disease, 65-74 years is lung cancer. 75-84 years old and 85+ are both coronary heart disease.

6. How long are you expected to live if you were born between 2014-2016?

Males born between 2014-2016 expect to live until the age of 80.4 years, and females are expected to live to 84.6 years.

7. What does table 6.3 tell us?

The life expectancy at birth, top 10 OECD countries by sex. The table shows us that all 10 countries are all very similar in age of death in both males and females.

8. How is life expectancy calculated?

Life expectancy is calculated by using a life table which is generated from current age and sex-specific death rates/death patterns in a given population.

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1) The median death age for males in Australia is 78 and  for females it was 84 years old.
2) Two reason that they are decrease is child deaths are, increased community awareness of risk factors for infant and child deaths as well as improved sanitation and hygiene.
3) The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants divided by the number of births.
4) For males the leading cause of death is corony hearts disease and for females it is dementia/

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1.) In Australia the median age of death for females is 84 and for males it’s 78.

2.) reasons for the decrease in child death are that they have improved access to quality and nenotal health care and they have improved sanitation and hygiene.

3.) infant mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths of infants (aged less than 1 divided by live deaths.)

4.) the leading causes of death for males is coronary heart disease, followed by dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease. For females the leading cause she of death was dementia and alazheimer disease.

5.) the leading causes of death by type for under 1 is perinatal and congenital conditions, 1-14 year olds is land transport accidents, 15-25 year olds is suicide. 25-44 year olds is suicide, 45-64 year olds is cornonaru heart disease, 65-74 years is lung cancer, 75-84 years old is coronary heart diesass and 85 and over is coronary heart disease.

6.) if you were born between 2014-2016 they say you are expected to live for 33-34 years longer.

7.) table 6.3 tells us the life expectancy (years) at birth, it tells us the top 10 OECD countries by sex.

8.) life expectancy is measured by calculations a statistical tool called a life table, a life table is generated from current age and sex

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https://www.naccho.org.au/about/aboriginal-health/

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This is a short video about the long term impact of people who were removed from their families.

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Telling Our Stories – Our Stolen Generations (Florence Onus)

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https://www.google.com.au/amp/amp.abc.net.au/article/9442514

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https://www.google.com.au/amp/s/pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-endurance-of-bush-medicine.amp

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http://theconversation.com/the-art-of-healing-five-medicinal-plants-used-by-aboriginal-australians-97249
When Aboriginal people did fall sick, they used plants in a variety of ways to defeat their ills.

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The Stolen Generations refers to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who were removed from their families between 1910 and 1970. This was done by Australian federal and state government agencies and church missions, through a policy of assimilation.

Under this policy, the forcible removal of First Nations children was made legal. Assimilation was based on a belief of white superiority and black inferiority, and presumed that "full-blood" Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples would naturally die out. It proposed that children with Aboriginal and white parentage, who were termed "half-caste" (now considered an extremely derogatory term), should be assimilated into white society. It was believed these children would be more easily assimilated due to their lighter skin.

Children were separated from their families and forced to adopt a white culture. They were forbidden to speak their traditional languages or refer to themselves by the names that they were given by their parents. Most children were placed in institutions where neglect and abuse was common. Some children were adopted by white families throughout the country, and many of these children were used for domestic work.

The impact was felt both by the families who had their children taken away, and by the children themselves.

Impact on First Nations children and their families

The forced removal of children created significant intergenerational grief and trauma for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families for a number of reasons. The impact of this is still being felt today.

In Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures children are considered sacred, and our kinship systems ensure that communities are very closely knit. Being separated from kin and witnessing the abuse of children was devastating for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities across Australia.

The removal of generations of children disrupted the transfer of knowledge and oral culture between generations. So the Stolen Generations has also had a devastating effect on the continuation of deep cultural knowledge.

Many children from the Stolen Generations suffered extreme physical, psychological and sexual abuse living under state care. Children were forced to reject their culture and adopt a new identity. So they often felt ashamed of their Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander heritage. In some cases, children were told that their biological parents had given them up or died. Later unable to find out who their biological families were because had been intentionally sent far away from their original homelands. The intergenerational trauma felt by First Nations people of the Stolen Generations has been confirmed by medical experts who note a high incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and suicide among those affected by the policy.

Also, due to the separation of parent and child, many individuals never experienced healthy family situations. This has continued to impact people through the generations, as these children start their own families.

Stolen wages

During the Stolen Generations, First Nations children who had been removed from their families received no or very low levels of education because they were expected to work as domestic servants and manual labourers at a very young age. A Report of the Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee Inquiry published in 2006, Unfinished Business, recorded these atrocities and recommended that Indigenous people be compensated where there is evidence of stolen wages.

Servant or Slave is an emotional and confronting feature film that gives insight into the history and legacy of the domestic servitude enforced upon Aboriginal girls in Australia, told through the stories of five women. Watch it here.

On 13 February 2008, the Australian Government formally apologised to the Stolen Generations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People. Kevin Rudd, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time, delivered the speech in Parliament House. Watch it here.

‍

Top Image: 1928 National Archives Australia: A268, The Bungalow, Alice Springs

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The Stolen Generations refers to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who were removed from their families between 1910 and 1970. This was done by Australian federal and state government agencies and church missions, through a policy of assimilation. Under this policy, the forcible removal of First Nations children was made legal.

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https://japingkaaboriginalart.com/articles/bush-medicine-leaf/

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People have lived in Australia for at least 65,000 years. In all those generations the land provided original Australians with everything they needed for a healthy life.

At least half the food eaten by the first Australians came from plants, and it was the task of women to collect them. Fruits, seeds and greens were seasonal, but roots could usually be dug up all year round, because the earth acted as a natural storage cupboard.

The particular plants eaten or used as medicine varied in different parts of Australia. In Arnhem Land, North Queensland and the Kimberley, many tropical trees bear fruits and seeds, such as native figs ( Ficus spp.), lilly-pillies ( Acmena, Eugenia and Syzygium spp.) and macadamia nuts.

In Central Australia, where water is scarce, plants are spread thinly over the land. Here the people relied more on the seeds of native grasses and wattles such as mulga ( Acacia aneura), wiry wattle ( Acacia coriacea) and even the coolabah tree ( Eucalyptus microtheca).

In the southern parts of Australia, roots (applying that word to all the underground parts of a plant) were the most important foods.

In terms of medicines, many different parts of plants were used. Native mints ( Mentha spp.) were remedies for coughs and colds, while the gum from gum trees, which is rich in tannin, was used for burns. The green plum ( Buchanania obovata) is enormously rich in vitamin C.

Here are five other plants that have medicinal uses:

1. Kangaroo apple (Solanum aviculare or Solanum laciniatum)

This is a great example of a food source and medicinal plant for many Victorian Aboriginal clan groups. This shrub varies in height. Its leaves resemble a kangaroo's paw and it produces purple flowers.

The early fruits that form are at first yellow or green and highly poisonous, but can be eaten when they are at their ripest, turning a blood-orange colour. The fruit contains high levels of the alkaloid solanine, which can be infused from the leaves with hot water to create steroids.

Also known as bush apple, it has been farmed in several parts of the world to produce and manufacture oral contraceptives, using extracts from the young leaves and green fruits.

2. Wattles (Acacia spp.)

Australia has more than 1,000 wattle species. The gum of some species (golden, silver and black wattles) was an important food as well as a useful cement. The seeds of other species are high in protein and carbohydrate and in arid areas were eaten both green and dry.

Wattle blossom was hung in people's huts to promote sleep. In Victoria, the bark of blackwood ( Acacia melanoxylon) was infused and used to bathe rheumatic joints, or ingested as a mild sedative for rheumatism or indigestion.

3. Old man's weed (Centipeda cunninghamii)

Commonly found along the Murray River, as well as in other low-lying, swampy habitats, this plant is useful for treating many complaints, including eye infections, tuberculosis and skin complaints. It is administered as an extract in water, or sometimes rubbed onto the skin.

It's usually used for colds and coughs and chest infections, but, being a natural restorative plant, it can help strengthen the immune system and mobility.

4. Drooping she-oak (Allocasuarina verticillata)

In Victoria, mature cones from this tree were ground up and applied to sores to treat rheumatism. Extracts from the bark and wood can also be used as a general medicine.

Read more: Traditional Aboriginal healers should work alongside doctors to help close the gap

5. Hop bush (Dodonaea viscosa)

This plant grows across Australia. In Queensland the juice of the root was applied for toothache and cuts.

The chewed leaf and juice were put on stonefish and stingray stings and bound up for four or five days.
Kathrine "Kat" Clarke, artist and proud woman from the Wimmera, contributed to this article. The artworks used in this article are on display at the University of Melbourne's Medical History Museum, as part of The art of healing: Australian Indigenous bush medicine exhibition, which runs until September 28. This article is made up of essay extracts published in the exhibition's catalogue.

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The art of healing: five medicinal plants used by Aboriginal Australians

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People have lived in Australia for at least 65,000 years. In all those generations the land provided original Australians with everything they needed for a healthy life. At least half the food eaten by the first Australians came from plants, and it was the task of women to collect them.

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Aboriginal Dreamtime Stories | Traditional stories of creation from Australia's first people

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Discover stories of creation of Aboriginal Australians and dive into their culture, languages, art and history

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https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/ihw/147/indigenous-health-welfare-2015/contents/health-disability-key-points

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https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-stolen-generations

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http://theconversation.com/improving-aboriginal-health-and-well-being-a-view-from-the-north-18522

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https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-stolen-generations

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https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2012/05/bush-medicine-aboriginal-remedies-for-common-ills/

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https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2017/05/25/10-bush-medicines-have-been-curing-people-generations

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Read this report and add your responses to the following questions.
1. What age group is the median age of death for males and females in Australia
2. Provide 2 reasons for reason for the decrease in child death
3. Define the infant mortality rate
4. What are the leading causes of death for males and females by gender ?
5. What are the leading causes of death by type?
6. How long are you expected to live if you were born between 2014-2016?
7. What does table 6.3 tell us?
8. How is life expectancy calculated?

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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

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Life expectancy is the most commonly used measure to describe population health and reflects the overall mortality level of a population. Life expectancy measures how long, on average, a person is expected to live based on current age and sex-specific death rates. In summarising mortality patterns, life expectancy is often expressed as the number of years of life a person born today is expected to live.

Trends in life expectancy

Life expectancy in Australia has improved dramatically for both sexes in the last century, particularly life expectancy at birth. Compared with their counterparts in 1881-1890, boys and girls born in 2013-2015 can expect to live around 33 and 34 years longer, respectively.

Figure 1: Life expectancy (years) at birth by sex, 1881-1890 to 2013-2015

Sources: ABS 2014a; ABS 2014b; ABS 2015; ABS 2016 ( Table S1).

In Australia, a boy born in 2013-2015 can expect to live to the age of 80.4 years and a girl would be expected to live to 84.5 years compared to 47.2 and 50.8 years, respectively, in 1881-1890.

Life expectancy changes over the course of a person's life because as they survive the periods of birth, childhood and adolescence, their chance of reaching older age increases. The life expectancy at different ages can be presented as the number of additional years a person can expect to live, or, their expected age at death in years.

Men aged 65 in 2013-2015 could expect to live another 19.5 years (an expected age at death of 84.5 years) and the life expectancy of women aged 65 in 2013-2015 was 22.3 years (an expected age at death of 87.3 years).

Sources: ABS 2014a; ABS 2016 ( Table S1).

Life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

For the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population born in 2010-2012, life expectancy was estimated to be 10.6 years lower than that of the non-Indigenous population for males (69.1 years compared with 79.7) and 9.5 years for females (73.7 compared with 83.1).

Between 2005-2007 and 2010-2012, Indigenous life expectancy at birth for boys increased by 1.6 years and by 0.6 years for girls. Over the same period, the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous life expectancy narrowed by 0.8 years for males and 0.1 years for females.

International comparisons of life expectancy

Australia enjoys one of the highest life expectancies of any country in the world, at 82.4 years in 2014 for males and females at birth combined-ranked seventh among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The highest life expectancy at birth was 81.3 for males in Iceland, and 86.8 for females in Japan.

Source: OECD 2016 ( Table S2).

Calculating life expectancy

Life expectancy is calculated using a statistical tool called a life table. A life table is generated from current age- and sex-specific death rates in a given population. The resulting values are used to estimate the likelihood of someone in a hypothetical population dying before their next birthday.

Calculating a person's life expectancy is based on death patterns in the population, and assumes that current death rates will persist throughout that person's life.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) publishes life tables and calculates life expectancy for the Australian population and for some groups of the population. These measures are based on 3 years of data to reduce the effect of variations in death rates from year to year.

Life expectancy is related to the average age at death within a population and is inversely related to the population death rates at that time; that is, the lower the death rates the greater the life expectancy. It varies between population groups and over time. High life expectancy is often associated with low infant and child death rates, an ageing population and access to high quality health care.

Differences in life expectancy over time may be due to changes in the patterns of death due to certain conditions. For example, in 1922 infectious disease accounted for 15% of all deaths in Australia and on average people dying from these diseases were 27 years old. By comparison, in 2014 infectious diseases accounted for less than 2% of deaths and the average age at death for these diseases was closer to 76 years . For more information like this and for other causes, see the AIHW General Record of Incidence in Mortality (GRIM) Books.

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Life expectancy is the most commonly used measure to describe population health and reflects the overall mortality level of a population. Life expectancy measures how long, on average, a person is expected to live based on current age and sex-specific death rates.

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https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/feb/08/community-led-solutions-are-key-to-improving-aboriginal-youth-suicide

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Many indigenous children were taken from their families as a result of government policies-Georgia

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Many indigenous children were taken from their families as a result of government policies-Georgia

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https://australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/stolen-generations/

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Communities and families are mourning the loss of five young Aboriginal girls who took their own lives in separate incidents in Western Australia, Townsville and Adelaide this year.

In early January, a 15-year old girl from Western Australia died two-days after self-harming on a visit to Townsville.

Last Sunday, a 12-year old girl died in the Pilbara mining town of Port Hedland, followed by a 14-year old girl in the East Kimberley community of Warmun last Monday.

Another was a 15-year-old Noongar girl from Perth who died last Thursday and a fifth was a 12-year-old girl from a town near Adelaide who died last Friday.

Another 12-year-old boy is reportedly on life support at a hospital in Brisbane after what is suspected to be an attempted suicide. He was flown from Roma to Brisbane yesterday, The Australian reports.

The Director of Suicide Prevention Australia, Vanessa Lee, is calling on the federal government to support an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander suicide prevention strategy tailored specifically to meet the needs of Indigenous people.

"When are we going to see change... when are we going to see a national Indigenous suicide prevention strategy supported by the COAG, delivering for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people," Ms Lee said.

"We need to remember that Indigenous people know the solutions. We know the answers. We didn't write the Redfern Statement for a joke... funding needs to be put into Indigenous organisations, into Indigenous hands."

National coordinator for the National Child Sexual Abuse Trauma Recovery Project, Gerry Georgatos, told NITV News the recently reported suicides have weighed heavily on the affected families and communities.

"These incidences... have impacted -psycho-socially- the family. Hurt them to the bone. There are no words for anyone's loss," he said.

"To lose a child impacts ways that no other loss does, and to lose a child is a haunting experience straight from the beginning and doesn't go away."

South-western Noongar woman, Grace Cockie, lost her 16-year old daughter to suicide last March in their home in Perth.

"It was a devastating experience, I don't ever want to go through that again and I don't want no one else to go through that," Ms Cockie told NITV News.

"She went to school every day. She loved going to school, hanging out with her friends, playing football with her Aunties.

"Part of us is gone... No one is going to replace her," she said.

Ms Cockie wants other parents to encourage their children to speak-out if they feel unwell and said there needs to be more mental health initiatives which offer culturally supportive help for Aboriginal youth.

"Keep an eye on them and talk to them all the time," she said.

"There's a lot of avenues for whitefella kids, you know, and with our Aboriginal kids they're probably too scared... they probably think they (mental health workers) won't help them," she said.

The Kimberley region faces alarming suicide rates

The deaths come as WA waits on a final report from an inquest into 13 Indigenous youth suicides in the Kimberley region from 2012 to 2016.

The Kimberley region has the highest Indigenous suicide rates in Australia - not just for Aboriginal youth, but for the entire Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population.

The inquest by state coroner Ros Fogliani is expected to table findings early this year.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics found last month that Indigenous children aged between five and 17 died from suicide-related deaths at five times the rate of non-Indigenous children.

This rate was 10.1 deaths by suicide per 100,000 between 2013 and 2017, compared with 2 deaths by suicide per 100,000 for non-Indigenous children.

One in four people who took their own life before turning 18 were Aboriginal children.

Mr Georgatos said nine out of 10 suicides in the Kimberley region have involved Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

A senate inquiry in December found that not only are services lacking in remote and rural areas of Australia, but culturally appropriate services were often not accessible.

The inquiry found that the lack of culturally supportive services is leaving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people accessing mental health services at a far lower rate than non-Indigenous people.

Mr Georgatos said that services aren't accessible to the majority of people living in the Kimberley, saying that suicide prevention has come down to community support as opposed to accessible mental health professionals.

"Many of these communities [in the Kimberley region] have no services... It is forever community buy-in to support, to have a watchful eye ..., but people become exhausted," he said.

Mr Georgatos said he believes investing in local workforces that possess local cultural knowledge and training these workers to understand intense psychosocial support for young adults is the way forward.

Poverty the 'driver' towards suicide

Poverty and sexual abuse in the Kimberley region may be a leading factor for youth suicide, according to Mr Georgatos.

"Nearly 100 per cent of First Nations suicides... are of people living below the poverty line," he said.

"Crushing poverty [in Kimberley and Pilbara] is the major driver of suicidal ideation, of distorted thinking, of unhappiness, of watching the world pass one by right from the beginning of life.

"One-eighth of First Nations people living in the Kimberley live in some form of homelessness... sixty per cent live below the poverty line."

A Medical Journal of Australia report in 2016 showed seven per cent of all people living in the Kimberley were homeless.

Last year, forty per cent of youth suicides in Australia were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.

"It is a humanitarian crisis... one-third of those suicides is identified as children of sexual abuse, and we don't have the early intervention to disable the trauma of child sexual abuse," Mr Georgatos said.

"We don't have the early intervention and the trauma recovery for them, we don't have the outreaches for them but what we also don't have is the talking up and calling out of sexual predation in communities."

Mr Georgatos said he believes if we have education in communities about what young children should do if they were to ever be predated upon, it would reduce the child internalising their trauma which may lead to suicidal ramifications.

"What we need to do is we need to outreach more personal on the ground to outreach into these communities to support them into pathways where they can access education," Mr Georgatos said.

"We need more psychosocial support, people just to spread the love... to keep people on a journey to a positive and strong pathway and to ordered thinking, not disordered thinking."

Government supported resources

Australian youth mental health organization, headspace, last week received a $47 million funding boost from the federal government.

Chief Executive Officer, Jason Trethowan, told SBS World News the organisation will be working closely with Indigenous communities thanks to the new funding.

"We know there are challenges around rural remoteness and often headspace hasn't been there for them... that's why we have a trial going on in the Pilbara region of Western Australia where there are actually headspace services without a headspace centre," he said.

Indigenous health minister, Ken Wyatt, told NITV News the federal government will continue to invest $3.9 billion over the next three years (from 2018-22) in Primary Health Networks (PHNs) to commission regionally and culturally appropriate mental health and suicide prevention services, particularly in the Kimberley and the Pilbara regions.

Currently the key active programs in these regions include the government's $4 million Kimberley Suicide Prevention Trial and the $2.2 million Pilbara headspace trial, which opened in April last year.

The Pilbara headspace trial was co-designed with local communities, including young people, service providers, community members and local Elders.

The Pilbara headspace team has staff located in Newman, Port Hedland and Karratha, with employees spending their time in schools, youth centres, Aboriginal Medical Services, community centres and other locations.

This allowing them to reach out to youth who may not typically engage with school or youth services, said
Samara Clark, manager of headspace, Pilbara.

"It's all about engagement first, building trust, building visibility," she said.

"What we're hoping for is positive help-seeking behaviour, where they feel safe and comfortable enough to come up to us," she said.

Ms Clark encourages anyone who sees a headspace worker, who may be identified by their green t-shirts, to reach out to them for support.

"If a young person sees one of the team members around, even if a community member sees them, just go up and have a yarn ... the team will talk to you then and there."

- Readers seeking support and information about suicide prevention can contact: Lifeline on 13 11 14, the Suicide Call Back Service on 1300 659 467 or find an Aboriginal Medical Service here. There are resources for young people at Headspace Yarn Safe.

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Indigenous youth suicide at crisis point

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Communities and families are mourning the loss of five young Aboriginal girls who took their own lives in separate incidents in Western Australia, Townsville and Adelaide this year. In early January, a 15-year old girl from Western Australia died two-days after self-harming on a visit to Townsville.