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The Criminal Justice System Discriminates Against Young Men of Color, Cooper  

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The Criminal Justice System Discriminates Against Young Men of Color, Cooper  

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CENTRAL IDEA: The central idea of the article is to explain how the criminal justice system discriminates against young black men. "Juvenile black men are 300% more likely to be arrested then a juvenile white man." Also black children are 4x more likely to be put in jail then a white child. In Florida african americans make up 17% of the population but 2/3 of all juveniles getting transferred to an adult prison are african american.
SOCIAL ISSUE: In 2019 this is a major social issue, with most of america pushing for equality and fighting discrimination the justice system will face MAJOR pushback of the inequality of the system.

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Central idea: The central idea of this podcast is the topic of Dred Scott v Sanford. This case is about a slave named Dred Scott who went to so-called free land but was then taken back so it was taken to court. He then won at a lower court but the case was brought to the supreme court but they said no, he was not declared free in that land and they claimed that a black man has no rights that a white man must respect.
social issues: This was a huge issue because the fact that this was known as land where blacks can be free was just flipped and it was told that any of the rights of a black person can be overtaken by a simple white man if they wanted.
Author tricks: This author helps put an image in your mind of the type of environment that occurred during this event and the shock of the court case outcome really hits you.

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PRESTON: In the second article I read it talked about how racism can affect your mental health. That was the central idea because it was talking about how it isn't good to be racist because it could affect you later. It would affect you with your health and mental health. If you say that stuff then you think it is okay and then you will realize one day it is bad then you will get sad because you realize all the bad things you have done. The social issues in this topic was that people hear people being racist then they think it is okay to do that. When those people grow up then they think it is okay to be racist and then they will harm their mental health.

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Central idea and social issues: Our book was set at the time of World War 11. During this time, racism towards Italians was very largely spread in America. In the website that I read, they talk about how an Father was taken from his home and claimed to be a traitor for Italy just because he was born their. His daughter was later interrogated and was released without charges but later was fired from her job just for speaking in Italian to a customer.
Theme: The theme in the website is assumptions because throughout these stories, they show people assuming others lives according to their origin.
When I was reading this, I was very surprised at how big of an issue there was of racism towards Italians. I never really think of the fact that there is racism towards some white people and how big it was that just because they have an accent, means they could lose their jobs or get arrested.

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Louis Berizzi was in his pajamas when FBI agents burst into his Manhattan apartment and arrested him. As his daughter, Lucetta, and the rest of the family watched, wiping the sleep from their eyes, he hurried into clothing and was taken away.

Soon after, FBI agents questioned Lucetta, too. Why did she speak such good Italian? Had her father engaged in suspicious activities? Was she a traitor? She was released without being charged, but soon after suffered the consequences of the anti-Italian sentiment that had spread like wildfire since the United States entered World War II. After being seen speaking Italian with a customer, she was fired from her job as a salesperson at Saks Fifth Avenue.

Her father wasn't a traitor, either. His only crime was being born in Italy. During the early years of World War II however, that was enough to classify him as an "enemy alien"-and to justify freezing his assets, interrogating his family, and interning him for months.

The Berizzis were just a few of at least 600,000 Italians and Italian Americans-many of them naturalized citizens-swept up in a wave of racism and persecution during World War II. Hundreds of Italian "enemy aliens" were sent to internment camps like those Japanese Americans were forced into during the war. More than 10,000 were forced from their homes, and hundreds of thousands suffered curfews, confiscations and mass surveillance during the war. They were targeted despite a lack of evidence that traitorous Italians were conducting spy or sabotage operations in the United States.

John Florea/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

The roots of the actions taken by the U.S. government against Italian Americans can be found not just in Italy's role as an Axis power during World War II, but in longstanding prejudice in the United States itself. Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, Italians began immigrating to the United States in droves. By 1920, more than ten percent of all foreign-born people in the U.S. were Italian, and more than 4 million Italian immigrants had come to the United States.

Italians were the biggest group of immigrants to enter the U.S., and vibrant Italian American enclaves sprang up around the country. As the number of Italian immigrants grew, so did anti-Italian sentiment. Italians were painted as subhuman and undesirable, and employers often refused to hire people of Italian extraction.
READ MORE: The Grisly Story of America's Largest Lynching
As Europe inched toward world war, the close ties many Italian Americans had with friends and family in Italy came under increasing scrutiny. Many Americans with Italian ancestry initially supported the growth of Italy under the fascist rule of Benito Mussolini. In 1936, J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI's director, began to secretly surveil individuals and organizations he deemed likely to side with the enemy during the war to come.

It was a massive operation, and an effective one. By 1939, the FBI had assembled a massive list of information on "suspicious individuals." Known as the "ABC List," it divided people into categories based on their likelihood of danger to the nation. For many people on the list, which included tens of thousands of American citizens, the only basis for suspicion was their ethnicity.

Then, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Though the U.S. had not yet formally declared war on Italy, FBI agents began arresting Italians anyway in anticipation of entering the war in Europe. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued a series of proclamations that declared citizens of Japan, Germany and Italy to be "alien enemies of the United States." (As a later Department of Justice investigation found, the lists included permanent residents as well.) One hundred forty-seven Italians were already in custody when the U.S. declared war on Italy on December 11, 1941. Some stayed in the same camps where Japanese Americans were interned during the war.

Enemy aliens had to abide by curfews and turn in their weapons, radios and cameras. Most could not travel more than five miles from home without getting permission. The FBI began arresting and detaining people who were categorized as "As"-considered to constitute an actual threat to the United States-on the list.

As hundreds of Italians and Italian Americans awaited hearings to determine whether they would stay in detention, Congress signed legislation designed to protect a broad swath of the West Coast that was thought to be of special military and intelligence significance. The military determined who they thought should stay and who should go, and individuals could not be represented by legal counsel in the hearings that determined their fate. Other areas were declared off-limits to other individuals considered enemy aliens, including the San Francisco waterfront, areas around hydroelectric plants and areas near military bases.

The FBI searched houses for contraband items, confiscating radios and other items, and forced Italians, even those who were naturalized citizens, to report changes of address and employment. The government restricted the employment and movement of Italian fishermen, confiscating their boats and cutting off their access to the waters that provided their livelihoods. And though the federal government officially discouraged refusing Italians employment, they looked the other way when employers like Southern Pacific Railroad terminated them en masse.

Ralph Morse/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

At least 10,000 Italian Americans were evacuated in California, and forced to move out of their homes to areas outside of the evacuation zone. The government even came close to evacuating all Italians and Italian Americans along a massive swath of the state stretching from Los Angeles to Orange County, California, and, writes legal historian Joseph C. Mauro, those peaceful residents were only saved from being booted from their homes by the President himself.

Despite the persecution they endured, a large number of Italian Americans served in the U.S. military during World War II. Between 750,000 and 1.5 million people of Italian descent are thought to have served in the war, and 14 Italian Americans received the Medal of Honor for their service.

All in all, 600,000 Italians were affected by the policies, which were only lifted in 1942, once Roosevelt realized he'd need the support of the Italian American community if the U.S. was to invade Italy. On October 12, 1942, U.S. Attorney General Francis Biddle declared that Italians were no longer enemies of the state.

"You have met the test," he said in a speech at Carnegie Hall. "Your loyalty to democracy which has given you this chance, you have proved, and proved well....We have trusted you; you must prove worthy of that trust, so that it may never be said hereafter that there are disloyal groups of Italian Americans."

Though Italian American groups rejoiced at the proclamation, it wasn't the end of their internment. The majority of interned Italians did not gain freedom for another year. And even beyond, Italian Americans were subject to bias and stereotypes that had been reinforced during the years they were assumed to be traitors.

The extent of the persecution of Italian Americans during World War II was only revealed in 2001, when Congress was presented with a report on their treatment in response to the Wartime Violation of Italian American Civil Liberties Act of 2000.

Today, the persecution and internment of Italian Americans is a relatively unknown episode in the history of World War II, in part because of the humiliation and silence of the Italian Americans forced to live it.

"What happened to the Italians was based on wartime hysteria," Joanne Chiedi, a former U.S. Justice official and daughter of Italian immigrants who helped write the report, told the San Francisco Chronicle in 2001. "We're trying to educate people so it won't happen again. The story needs to be told."

READ MORE: When America Despised the Irish: The 19th Century's Refugee Crisis

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Why America Targeted Italian-Americans During World War II

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Louis Berizzi was in his pajamas when FBI agents burst into his Manhattan apartment and arrested him. As his daughter, Lucetta, and the rest of the family watched, wiping the sleep from their eyes, he hurried into clothing and was taken away. Soon after, FBI agents questioned Lucetta, too.

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In this podcast, some social issues brought up is racist thoughts and actions towards black people and children. Some stories they talk about are parents having to talk with their kids about racism and protection and biases towards them just to keep them safe from some people in the world. They also bring up the danger towards black women in cities like New York and how they have a higher death rate than others because of racism. Native women are also at a higher risk of having birth problems than white mothers. It has come to show that racism and discrimination can damage your actual physical boy from making cortisone to often. The podcast speaker also helps show real life examples and bring in people who have all experienced this in different parts of their lives so you can really feel like this is a huge issue which it is.

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What does it mean to be judged before you walk through the door? What are the consequences? This week, TED speakers delve into the ways racism impacts our lives, from education, to health, to safety.

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Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys

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Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys

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PRESTON: In the article I read the `central idea was, black boys that grow up rich don't stay as rich because of racism. Also white people do stay rich because they don't get criticized about their skin and they don't get treated badly. They also talked about how women get about the same amount of money even if they grew up rich because people treat women differently. The theme in this article is that it is unfair the way people get treated differently than other people because f their skin color or their sex.

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Extensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys (Published 2018)

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A study of 20 million children shows the fragility of the American Dream.