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The industrial revolution brought many advances in machinery and in production. Several inventions benefited both the employee and the employer such as The spinning Jenny, the steam engine and the cotton gin. Before the industrial revolution none of these inventions existed.

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Thomas Newcomen invented the first steam engine in 1712. It was used to pump water out of coal mines so the miners could dig further down. It was unsuitable because it would need large amounts of coal to function and it needed coal to created steam and it needed steam to function. A cylinder was filled with steam from a boiler. Which pushed a piston up. Then water was sprayed onto the cylinder, which created a vacuum. This pulled the piston down which pulled a pump rod on the other side of a rocker arm, which then lifted a water.

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The spinning Jen was invented in1764 by James Hargreaves. The machine allowed the person working it to work 8 spools of cloth at once, but as the machine advanced it later became 120. There was 8 spindles, which the thread was spun onto with a set of 8 rovings and when the person operating it turned a large wheel, it would spin all 8 threads at once.

Reference: Simkin, J (2014) Spinning Jenny [online]. Available from <https://spartacus-educational.com/TEXjenny.htm> date accessed [9/3/19]

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The author of this source is Thomas Annan. The photo shows people living in a filthy and crowded slum in 19th century Glasgow. The audience in the city improvements trust. The photographer was commissioned to document the changes in population and urban landscape in the city. The message is that the slums in Glasgow in the 19th century were crowded and dirty, with very poor living conditions. The purpose, is to show the change in population and urban landscape of Glasgow during the 19th century.

Reference: Annan,T(2014) Slums [online] available from <https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-old-closes-and-streets-of-glasgow> date accessed [11/3/3]

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The author of this source is Lewis Hine. The photo shows young children working in a cigar factory in Indiana in August 1908. The audience of the phot was the department of commerce and labour, children’s bureau. The message of the photo is that employees should employ trained adults to work for them instead of employing young, untrained children to work for them just to save money. The purpose is to show that working conditions for children during the industrial revolution were bad and that employers should employ more adults.

Reference: Hine,L(2017)

Teaching With Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labor[online] available from <https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/hine-photos> date accessed[11/3/19]

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The author of this source is Lewis Hine. This photo was taken in 1908 in an indiana glasswork. It shows young boys working machines without any protective clothing, protective equipment or shoes. The audience of this photo is the people, the author wanted to show/tell people that child labour is bad. The message of the photo is that working conditions and child labour in factories is bad. The purpose of this photo is to show that the working conditions for children during the industrial revolution were very poor.

Reference: Hine, L.(n/d) Lewis Hine [online] available from https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hine[3/3/19]