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Classical conditioning - Watson and Pavlov -
Exposure to loud noises heard in the war may trigger ptsd episode however the use of classical conditioning and learning by association could change his view of loud noises and associate them with something positive, reducing the negative response

The use of cognitive behavioural therapy or psychological therapy could help to treat ptsd by changing the perspective of the negative feelings/ attitudes to those of positive feelings by association with treats or happy memories/ feelings

Desensitisation of events - using psychological therapy to change the way negative experiences are viewed. This could be done by association with rewards or by talking about the events to turn negatives to positive.

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How to cope and manage mental health conditions

Classical conditioning:
Link phobia with something positive
Link expression/ talking with feelings of relief

Operant condtitioning:
Behave so you can get a reward
Divert attention by doing other activities

Other coping mechanisms:
Exercise
Therapy/counselling
Goal setting
Challenging negative emotions and rationalising them

Ellis’ REBT method
Activating event - the trigger
Belief-  of what the negative stimulus will do
Consequence- your reaction
Disputes - challenging the belief
Effect - behavioural activation

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The role of classical conditioning towards key milestone development and growth for the person in the case study.

Childhood-
John was born into a strict traditional family with old fashion values regarding discipline. Johns father was from a military background and it was expected of him from an early age to follow in his footsteps.

Adolescence-
John joins the military at the age of 16, he is deployed to war shortly after. John handles authority well and quickly adjusts to army life. John is classically conditioned during training to eat, sleep, talk and behave as a soldier should.

Adult-
During his time in the army John experiences trauma and then associates loud noises with pain. John is later diagnosed with PTSD due to this.

Later Adulthood-
Although John has left the army he still likes to follow the regime of an early wake up time followed by excercising and prompt meal times. If John breaks his routine he feels stressed and emotional. As he has been classically conditioned to this way of life.

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Young adulthood - After doing research on the army he was inspired to join as he thought it would be cool to shoot people. His mum thought it would calm him down and it would be a good way to channel his anger(positive reinforcement). However during his time in the army he realised he didn’t actually like killing people or risking his life. His bestfriend at the time helped him overcome his fear and saved his life and died in his arms. This is what caused his ptsd and affected his quality of life; giving him constant nightmares and unable to drive(negative reinforcement/punishment).