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Main ideas

How did the economic trends of the 1920s help cause the Great Depression?

-People had too much faith in the economy, believed that they would definitely get their money back when they spent their money without concern. This helped lead to the stock market crash, left people with no savings.

Vocabulary

Price support-The maintenance of a price at a certain level through government intervention.

Credit-An arrangement in which a buyer pays later for a purchase, often on an installment plan with interest charges.

Alfred E. Smith-Ran against Hoover in the 1928 election.

Dow Jones Industrial Average-A measure based on the prices of the stocks of 30 large companies, widely used as a barometer of the stock market’s health.

Speculation-An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Buying on Margin-The purchasing of stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest.

Black Tuesday-A name given to October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply.

Great Depression-A period, lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act-a law, enacted in 1930, that established the highest protective tariff in U.S. history, worsening the depression in America and abroad.

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-Americans Get a New Deal
-Electing of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
-Fireside Chat
-Franklin Delano Roosevelt
-New Deal
-Glass-Steagall Act
-Federal Securities Act
-Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
-Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
-National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
-Rural Assistance
-Providing Work Projects

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Main ideas

Global competition

Desire for military strength

Thirst for new markets

Belief in cultural superiority

The cry for annexation

The end of a monarchy

American interest in Cuba

The second war for independence

Headline wars

The De Lome Letter

The U.S.S. Maine Explodes

The war in the Philippines

The war in the Caribbean

Rough Riders

Treaty of Paris

Debate over the treaty

Military rule

Return to civil government

American soldiers

Platt Amendment

Protecting American business interests

Philippine-American war

Aftermath of the war

John Hay’s Open Door Notes

The Boxer Rebellion in China

Protecting American rights

Roosevelt the peacemaker

Panama Canal

Constructing the canal

The Roosevelt Corollary

Dollar diplomacy

The Mexican Revolution

Intervention in Mexico

Rebellion in Mexico

Chasing Villa

In 1898, a debate raged in the United States over whether the U.S. had the right to annex the Philippines.
Vocabulary:

Queen Liliuokalani- Queen of Hawaii

Imperialism-A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Alfred T. Mahan- officer in the u.s. navy, taught at the naval war college

William Seward- Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson; purchase of Alaska "Seward's Folly"

Pearl Harbor- Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Sanford B. Dole- Led a revolt of planter against Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani in 1893

Jose Marti- Political activist who worked for Cuban independence

Valeriano Weyler- General sent from Spain to Cuba to restore order in 1896

Yellow Journalism- journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

USS Maine- American battleship that exploded and caused the Spanish American war

George Dewey- U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Rough Riders- volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

San Juan Hill- Location of an important American land victory in Cuba

Treaty of Paris- agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

Foraker Act- it ended military rule and set up a civil government

Platt Amendment- Specified when the US could intervene in Cuban affairs

Protectectorate- a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power

Emillio Aguinaldo- leader of the Filipino rebels

John Hay- Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S.

Open Door Notes- Message sent by John Hay to other countries to protect U.S. trading rights in China

Boxer Rebellion- 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Panama Canal- a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Roosevelt Corollary- Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Dollar Diplomacy- the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence.

Francisco "Pancho" Villa- A combination of bandit and Robin Hood, he emerged as a chief rival to the Mexican President Carranza, and tried to provoke the United States into war by going on a killing spree north of the border in NM. President Wilson dispersed Pershing in an attempt to capture him, but this expedition ended in defeat.

Emiliano Zapata- leader of the Mexican Revolution

John J. Pershing- Commander of American forces in Europe

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Terms
Ellis Island - harbor in New York
Angel Island - bay in San Francisco
Melting pot- a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together
Nativism- overt favoritism toward native-born Americans
Chinese Exclusion Act - this act banned entry to all Chinese except students , teachers , merchants , tourists , and government officials
Gentlemen's Agreement - of 1907 - 1908 , Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.
Urbanization - growth of cities , mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest.
Americanization movement - designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture.
Tenements - multifamily urban dwellings , overcrowded & unsanitary.
Mass Transit - transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes , enabled workers to go to and from jobs more easily .
Social Gospel Movement - preached salvation through service to the poor.
Settlement Houses - community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area , especially immigrants.
Jane Adams - one of the most influential members of the movement
Political Machine - offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
Graft - the illegal use of political influence for personal gain
Boss Tweed - head of Tammy Hall , New York City's powerful Democratic political machine in 1868.
Patronage - the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.
Civil Service - government administration
Rutherford B. Hayes - elected in 1876 , could not convince Congress to support reform , so he used other means .
James A. Garfield - Ohio congressmen , the convention settled on an independent presidential candidate.
Chester A. Arthur - Republicans nominated Vice president , one of Conkling's supporters.
Pendleton Civil Service Act  - 1883 authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointment to federal jobs through a merit systems.
Grover Cleveland - won presidential election for the 1st time in 28 years.
Benjamin Harrison - Indiana senator , campaign financed by large contributions from Henry Harrison.

Main Ideas
Section 1:
- Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reaches a new high in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Section 2:
- The rapid growth of cities forced people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation.

Section 3:
- Local and national political corruption in the 19th century led to calls of reform

Assessment
What trends or events in other countries prompted people to move to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
war and poverty, a lack of available jobs, political turmoil, social upheaval, food shortages, low wages, scarce land, and revolutions prompted people from other countries to move to the United States because the United States had the opposite of each of those.
What difficulties did many of these new immigrants face?
They have left their friends and families, and learn the language and customs of the country they have immigrated to.

Why did cities in the United States grow rapidly in the decades following the Civil War?
many soldiers returned home which boomed population, jobs, and production.

What problems did this rapid growth pose for cities?
This rapid growth caused cities to have a lack of housing and thus overcrowded housing, unsanitary conditions, polluted water, easy dispersion of disease, increased crime rate, and fires from the new housing being made of wood and the use of kerosene heaters.

What solutions to urban problems did the settlement-house movement propose?
providing housing to those who could not provide one for themselves, teaching about health, and learning about the problems caused by urbanization firsthand to help create more solutions.

Why did machine politics become common in big cities in the late 19th century?
They were helping immigrants get jobs and homes

What government problems arose as a result of patronage?
people held government jobs who were not certified to and sometimes used their positions for personal gain.

Summarize the views of Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison on tariffs.
Grover Cleveland said tariffs needed to be reduced, and called for tariff revenue only. Benjamin Harrison supported high tariffs.

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Sect 1:
Terms:
Edwin L. Drake -  first person to use steam engine to drill for oil
Bessemer Process - technique used to make steel from iron
Thomas Alva Edison -  inventor of the light bulb
Christopher Sholes - inventor of the typewriter
Alexander Graham Bell - inventor of the telephone

Main Ideas:
1. How did the growth of the steel industry influence the development of other industries? - railroads, tool making, and construction
2. How did inventions and developments in the late 19th century change the way people worked? - it increased the need for factory workers

Sect 2:
Terms:
Transcontinental Railroad - a railroad that crosses the entire country
George M. Pullman - inventor of the sleeping car
Credit Mobilier - name of company involved in stealing of railroad money
Munn V.S Illinois - court case that gave government right to regulate private industry
Interstate Commerce Act - law granting Congress authority to regulate railroad activities

Main Ideas:
1. Why did people, particularly farmers, demand regulations of the railroads in the late 19th century? - it took away their land
2. Why were attempts at railroad regulation often unsuccessful? - long legal process

Sect 3:
Andrew Carnegie - Scottish immigrant who became a giant in the steel industry
Vertical Integration - process in which a company buys out its suppliers
Horizontal Integration - process in which companies producing producing similar products merge
Social Darwinism - theory that taught only the strong survived
John D. Rockefeller - Head of the Standard Oil Company
Sherman Antitrust Act - law that outlawed trusts
Samuel Gompers - led the American Federation of Labor
American Federation of Labor - union led by Gompers
Eugene V. Debs - leader of the American Railway Union
Industrial Workers of the World - union of radicals and socialists nicknamed the Wobblies
Mary Harris Jones -  organizer for Union Mine Workers

Main Ideas:
1. Why were business leaders such as John D. Rockefeller called robber barons? - they eliminated competition and raised prices to gouge people
2. Why did the South industrialize more than the North did? - South had a more agricultural economy
3. Why did workers form unions in the late 19th century? - unfair hiring and unacceptable working
4.  What factors limited the success of unions? - high unemployment and low skills

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Term -
Louis Sullivan Early- leader of architecture
Daniel Burn ham - Chicago architect
Frederick Law Olmsted - Developer of Central Park
Orville and Wilbur Wright - Brothers who flew the first airplane
George Eastman - Inventor of the camera
Booker T. Washington Prominent African-American educator
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute School headed by Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois First African American to receive Ph.D from Harvard
Niagara Movement Insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education
Ida B. Wells African-American reformer who tried to end lynching
Poll tax Money one had to pay in order to vote
grandfather clause Clause that allowed poor, uneducated whites to vote
segregation The word used to describe racial separation
Jim Crow laws Laws that helped keep whites and blacks separate
Plessy v. Ferguson Court case that upheld the Jim Crow laws
Debt peonage A system in which a person is forced to work to pay off debts
Joseph Pulitzer Owner of the New York World newspaper
William Randolph Hearst Owner of the New York Morning Journal San Francisco Examiner
Ashcan school A school of painting that featured urban life and working people with gritty realism
Mark Twain Pen name of the novelist and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Rural free delivery (RFD) System that brought packages directly to homes
Main Idea -
- Advances in science and technology helped solve urban problems, including overcrowding.
- Reforms in public education led to rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education
- African American led the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow
- As Americans had more time for leisure activities, a modern mass culture emerged.
Info -
-Two inversions that help with communication (Airplanes and mail delivery)
- Two technology that helped make cities more livable ( Skyscrapers and elevators)
- How public education change in the late 1800s.
(entered schooling to more children, increase number of years mandatory, lengthen school year, included course courses like science, civic, history, literature, drafting,, bookkeeping.(more collleges)
-Required for votes
(Voter required to read,Poll tax mean that Africans and poor whites ofter did not have money to pay the tax. So they wer unable to vote.)
-How did social custom restrict African Americans?
(African American had to show respect to whites, including children, remover hat)
Mexicans got paid less that members of their ethnic groups.
-How did Americans spend their free time?
(Roller coaster and Ferris weel trilled people, baseball also became a well-loved spectator sport.

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Section 1
Terms-
Progressive Movement-Aimed to restore economy
Main Ideas-
Section 1
Political,economic,and social change in late 19th century america led to broad progressive reforms.
Section 2
As a result of social and economic change, many women entered public life as workers and reformers
Section 3
As president, Theodore Roosevelt worked to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms
Section 4
Taft's ambivalent approach to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats
Section 5
Woodrow Wilson established a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader

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Section 1
Causes of World War One : (Nationalism)
(Imperialism)
(Militarism)
(Alliance System)
(The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand)
Zimmerman Note
The 1916 Election
The U.S Declares War
Section 2
America Mobilizes
Eddie Rickenbacker
Selective Service Act
(AFE) American Expeditionary Force led by General John J. Pershing
Alvin York
(WIB) War Industries Board
Propaganda
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Great Migration
Women in the War
Section 4
Wilson Plan
Fourteen Points
League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
War-Guilt Clause