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Climate change is affecting Hungary and BFNP significantly. According to climate-models, incidences of extreme temperatures in the summer will increase in the future. The annual mean temperature will increase by 1-2.5°C in the 2021-2050 period while the degree of warming will reach 2-5°C by 2071-2100. Temperatures will be 6 °C warmer on average in the distant future especially in South-East Hungary i.e. the consequences of climate change are territorially differentiated.
This change will have/is having a huge effect on biodiversity. Plenty of plant and animal species won't be able to adapt especially not in such a short period. Our climate will be hotter and drier with more weather extremes.

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My Plant Area: 
Balaton-fevidéki National Park in Hungary

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My Plant Area: 
Balaton-fevidéki National Park in Hungary

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Balaton-felvidéki National Park Promo English

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- Tihany peninsula and vicinity
- Pécsely basin
- Káli basin
- Tapolca basin
- Keszthely mountains
- 'Small' Balaton
- Bakony hills
- Somló hill
- River Mura
- Natural Conservation Areas

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The Pannonian Region is dominated by a large flat alluvial basin that is transected from north to south by two major rivers – the Danube and Tisza. Once an ancient inland sea, the basin is almost completely enclosed on all sides by low-lying hills and mountains. To the north and east lie the Carpathians, to the west the Alps and, to the south, the Dinarics.

All of Hungary is included in the Pannonian Region as are peripheral areas of Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Romania within the EU, as well as Serbia, Croatia and the Ukraine outside the EU.

At one time the basin was covered in large tracts of oakdominated thermophilous forests and forest steppes but, over centuries, these were gradually cut down to make way for extensive grasslands which stretch out as far as the eye can see across the flat plains. This so called Puszta is not only one of the oldest man-made habitats in Europe, having been maintained for centuries by lowkey grazing and cultivation, but also one of the largest continuous grasslands left in Europe.
The surrounding hills and mountains are an important source of water for this otherwise arid.

In the north, the hills merge with the Carpathians to form a typical karst landscape. Aggtelek, Slovensky Kras and Moravsky Kras are prime examples. Beneath their surface a massive subterranean labyrinth of caves, underground rivers and aquifers carves its way through the porous limestone rocks. It too harbours its own unique wildlife.

With such a wealth of diverse and contrasting habitats, it is no surprise that the Pannonian Region has a particularly high level of species diversity, with many endemics. The region is also of major importance for birds. Hundreds of thousands of geese, ducks and other waders flock to the shallow wetlands every year. Amongst them are rare species like the lesser white-fronted goose Anser erythropus and the spoonbill Platalea leucorodia.

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Possible signs of climate change in BFNP, such as weather extremes.

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Possible signs of climate change in BFNP, such as weather extremes.

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In line with the global trends, Hungary has also observed major changes in its regional climatic conditions in the last 100 years and more intensely in the past 30 years. According to the systematically collected and evaluated climate data series of the Hungarian Meteorological Service (OMSZ), an increase (more than 1,2 °C in average) can be observed in the mean annual temperature since the early ‘80s in Hungary.

In addition to this, a considerable change in the intensity of temperature extremities can be observed as well. The decrease in the number of frost days (when daily minimum temperature drops below 0°C) while the increase in the number of hot days (when daily maximum temperature reaches or exceeds 30°C) clearly shows an accelerated warming phenomenon.

According to the OMSZ’s and Eötvös Loránd University’s joint research, the changes in precipitation and its extremities are less detectable than the changes in temperature, however an increasing length of drought periods during all seasons as well as regional dissimilarities can be observed in the trends. Another experienced feature is that the annual precipitation is now gradually falling in the form of intense, rapid showers instead of evenly dispersed rains, especially in summer.

According to climate-models, incidences of extreme temperatures in the summer will increase in the future. The annual mean temperature will increase by 1-2.5°C in the 2021-2050 period while the degree of warming will reach 2-5°C by 2071-2100. Temperatures will be 6 °C warmer on average in the distant future especially in South-East Hungary i.e. the consequences of climate change are territorially differentiated.

Referring to the models, winter precipitation will increase by 15-20% while summers will observe a 10-30% decrease in rainfall.

https://www.climatechangepost.com/hungary/climate-change/

https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/agriculture-and-climate-change-conference

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http://www.kisbalaton.hu/index.php/hu/kis-balaton-latas-konnyitett-verzio/28-vizvedelem

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A characteristic rich plant habitat of BFNP: floating and rooted seaweed associations; reeds; sedge; meadows and pastures; marshes and willow groves

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Forests of Bakony: a characteristic rich plant habitat of BFNP: 70% of the forests of the area are hornbeam-beech groves, mixed with ash, maple, little- and large-leaf linden and cherry.

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Full of meadows characteristic rich plant habitat of BFNP.

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Scientific name: Lavandula angustifolia
Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Lavandula

Habitat and ecology:

Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks), Grassland.
Origin: Europe, typical habitat area is the Mediterranean basin. In Hungary you can find it in Tihany peninsula (part of BFNP), immigrated in the 1920s from France.

Least concerned classification according to IUCN Red List.

Plant Type: Herbaceous perennial, Broadleaf evergreen
Leaves opposite, turning silverish-gray, lanceolate-linear that are tomentose and highly aromatic; flower is a verticillaster with husk-like, highly scented purple florets.
Mature Size:
Height: 0.4 - 0.7m
Spread: 0.6 - 1.0m
Growth Rate: Moderate

Leaf Morphology:
Form: Simple
Arrangement: Opposite
Texture/ Venation: Leathery, Pinnate venation
Surfaces: Distinctive smell, Tomentose
Colour in Summer: Silver/Grayish, Green, bright green in early spring soon turning gray-green
Colour in Fall: Silver/Grayish
Leaf(let) Terms:
Shapes: Lanceolate, Linear
Apices: Obtuse, Rounded
Bases: Truncate
Margins: Entire

Inflorescence Type: Floriferous, Spike-like, Verticillaster
Flower Morphology: Flowers perfect
Number of Petals: 5
Corolla Shape: Bilabiate
Colour (petals): Showy, Violet, Blue
Flower Scent: Sweet
Flower Time at Peak: Jun, Jul, Aug

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Lavandula angustifolia

it is an important relaxing herb, having a soothing and relaxing affect upon the nervous system. The essential oil is applied direct to the skin as an antiseptic to help heal wounds, burns, etc. An essential oil obtained from the flowers is antihalitosis, powerfully antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, cholagogue, diuretic, nervine, sedative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Its powerful antiseptic properties are able to kill many of the common bacteria such as typhoid bacillus, diphtheria bacillus, Streptococcus and Pneumococcus, as well as being a powerful antidote to some snake venoms.
http://www.tihanyilevendulapalanta.hu/Levendula_gyogyhatasa_-_felhasznalasa.html
Applications: internal as tea, taste component of foods eg beverages, ice cream, jam, marmalade etc, external as aromatherapy, oil, soap, creams, lotions, shampoo, bath, mothballs, remedy for insect bites, etc.

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Scientific name:
Achillea millefolium
Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Achillea

Habitat and ecology:

Wetlands (inland), Terrestrial
Origin: Europe

Least concerned classification according to IUCN Red List.

Plant Type: Herbaceous perennial, Weed (horticultural)
Leaves compound, leaflets deeply dissected, 2-3 pinnate; flowers in small heads arranged in corymbs.
Mature Size:
Height: 0.7 - 1.3m
Spread: 0.6 - 1.0m
Growth Rate: Moderate
Leaf Morphology:
Form:  Compound, Dissected
Arrangement:  Alternate, Basal
Texture/ Venation: Pinnate venation, Soft flexible
Surfaces: Distinctive smell, Pubescent
Compound Leaf: Bipinnate, Tripinnate
Colour in Fall: Yellow
Leaf(let) Terms:
Shapes: Lanceolate, Linear
Apices: Acuminate
Bases: Attenuate
Margins: Lacerate, Pectinate
Inflorescence Type: Corymb-like, Head (capitulum)
Flower Morphology:
Corolla Shape: Ligulate
Colour (petals): Showy, White, Yellow, Pink
Flower Time at Peak: Jul, Aug

Yarrow can be found in waste areas, edges of railway tracks, lawns, grassy areas, old fields, along fence lines, roadsides, and other edges.

It does well in a nutrient poor soil as long as it is well-drained. It prefers full sun but will tolerate partial shade.

https://plantdatabase.kpu.ca/plant/plantDetail/623

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 Alexander von Humboldt, the 'father of phytogeography'

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 Alexander von Humboldt, the 'father of phytogeography'

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The most important forgotten man of science. German naturalist F. W. H. Alexander von Humboldt made important contributions to this science, including coining the geological term "formation."

Humboldt's most important observation was that both geological forces as lifeforms (especially plants) are intrinsically connected. Below figure from the Berghaus Atlas (1845-1862), a supplement to Humboldt's most ambitious work "Cosmos," summarizes best his natural philosophy, today we would call it ecology.Humboldt remarks: "inside the globe [there] live mysterious forces, whose effects emerge on the surface." Darwin would, despite his later criticism, be deeply influenced by Humboldt's popular writings. His interests in exotic places and the natural world came, as he himself admits, from reading Humboldt's description of his great expedition.
https://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-is-alexander-von-humboldt-george-mehler
Kosmos gathers together two generations of scientific research and discovery, it was the scientific bestseller of the age. Kosmos signifies both the “order of the world, and adornment of this universal order, fundamentally developmental and dynamic.It is a “picture” which comes into being as we paint it and view it.
Although the natural sciences have diverged from the romantic perspective Humboldt presented in Kosmos, the work is still considered to be a substantial scientific and literary achievement, having influenced subsequent scientific progress and imparted a unifying perspective to the studies of science, nature, and mankind.

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Theophrastus studied plants as a whole. In this systematic approach he was following in the footsteps of Aristotle.
Theophrastus described plants by their uses, and attempted a biological classification based on how plants reproduced, a first in the history of botany.

In his Causes Theophrastus looks at plant physiology and considers different methods of cultivation. In the Enquiry Theophrastus turns his attention in a more taxonomical direction. In this work he was one of the first authors to attempt to classify plants into different types, dividing them into ‘trees’, ‘shrubs’, ‘undershrubs’ and ‘plants’.
On the strength of these books, the first scientific inquiries into plants and one of the first systems of plant classification, Linnaeus called him "the father of botany".

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Other common names: Common yarrow, carpenter’s weed, knight’s milfoil, noble yarrow, old man’s pepper, nosebleed, staunchgrass, soldier’s woundwort, sanguinary, devil’s nettle, devil’s plaything, bad man’s plaything, yarroway, herb militaris, thousand leaf, thousand seal, field hop, millefolium, ladies’mantle, gandana, i-chi-kao, gearwe, yerw, cickafark in Hungarian.

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The active compounds of yarrow are a volatile oil, containing a- and b- pinenes; acetate, borneol, caryophyllene, eugenol, farnesene, myrcene, salicylic acid, thujone, cineole, camphene, camphor, gamma terpinene, isoartemisia ketone, chamazulene, limonene, sabinene and tricyclene and esquiterpene lactones.

The primary external actions of this herb are styptic (stops bleeding), astringent (makes tissue contract), antiseptic (inhibits bacterial growth), vulnerary (helps tissue heal), anti-inflammatory and possibly anesthetic.

Internally, yarrow is diaphoretic (raises the body temperature and induces sweat), expectorant, carminative (dispels gas), hemostatic (stops bleeding), astringent, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, analgesic, stimulant, and emmenagogue. It also makes a bitter tonic that stimulates digestion.

Over 3,000 years ago, ancient Greeks used it as a treatment for wounds. The genus name, Achillea, honors the Greek hero Achilles; who reportedly used yarrow for himself and for his soldiers as a treatment for battle wounds.

Yarrow is a traditional woman’s herb, used to ease menstruation. Many herbal sources regard it as a uterine tonic. A number of studies have supported the use of it to enhance circulation to the uterus, improving the tone, increasing menstrual flow and reducing uterine spasms and menstrual cramps.
Traditional herbalists recommend Achillea millefolium as a natural treatment for menorrhagia, amenorrhea, uterine hemorrhages, and leucorrhea.
Skin conditions such as eczema are treated with an infusion of yarrow.
Yarrow is used as a natural anti-inflammatory in the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism. The volatile oil is rich in sesquiterpene lactones, and alkamides giving yarrow its anti-inflammatory activity. The presence of the alkamides may also further reduce inflammation.

Herbalists consider Achillea millefolium to be one of the best diaphoretic herbs; it is a standard herbal remedy for the treatment of fever.
Herbalists use yarrow as a natural digestive aid; it stimulates the secretion of enzymes and digestive juices, improving appetite and helping with digestion.
Its astringent action makes it a useful natural treatment for diarrhea and dysentery.
It is used as an herbal remedy to relieve the symptoms of cystitis (a bladder infection marked by pain as well as frequent, painful urination).
Possible Side Effects and Interactions:

Yarrow should be collected and used with respect and used sparingly.

Extended or excessive use, whether internally or externally, may cause photosensitivity or allergic reactions.

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Yarrow herb: Achillea millefolium, herbs for fever

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What is happening to biodiversity in the Pannonian biogeographic region

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What is happening to biodiversity in the Pannonian biogeographic region

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Main pressures on biodiversity
Grasslands in the region represent semi-natural habitats where biological diversity is maintained in conjunction with human activities. Their existence depends on specific types of management that are used both for mowing and grazing. Grasslands on salty and sandy soils are relatively fragile and can only stand extensive grazing. There are
many local breeds of cattle in the Pannonian region, as well as ancient local types of fruit trees. Native tree species form a basis for forestry, although alien tree species and cultivars are used as well. Wetlands are used in several ways, for instance reed Phragmites australis is traditionally used for thatching houses. Almost all water habitat types are used for fishing, which is a relatively common leisure activity. Fish are bred in special ponds and some used for the strengthening of natural populations in rivers and lakes. A number of alien fish species have been introduced, which sometimes causes a negative influence on the original fish biodiversity. Several mammal and bird species are hunted. For example as regards Hungary only 50 000 (0.5 %) of the population are registered hunters, but additionally this is one of the most important European countries for hunting tourism (FACE Europe, 2007, Hungarian Hunters' National Association, 2007).

Changes during recent years have been characterised by continued industrialisation, urbanisation, as well as pressure on arable land, forests and wetlands. Regularly or recently cultivated habitats represent ca 67 % of the Pannonian region. Land cover has changed considerably. For example, over the last 150 years the area of the floodplains in a natural state in Hungary has decreased from 23 000 to 1 528 km², a decrease by 93 %. Nearly all floodplains are today used for agricultural crop production or grazing. Waterways have been modified, for instance the length of Tisza River alone has been shortened by 134 km. Traditional management of wet meadows and mowed areas virtually disappeared during recent centuries in line with the decline of traditional farming. All these changes have induced pressure on species and habitats. Political change and economic transition during the 1990s have implied significant modification of landscape structure. The consequences on biodiversity of this ongoing process cannot yet be fully evaluated.
Agriculture intensification and extensification
Drainage, irrigation and salinisation
In the past, wetlands covered much larger areas in the Pannonian region than today. The process of creating arable land through drainage of large areas of marshy meadows and river regulation started at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries. The main rivers have been shortened. Only small remnants of wet meadows persist, in some areas they have disappeared completely. Large areas of marshy meadows in the regions of Kiskunság and Turjan have been destroyed by drainage and channel construction. Although many marshy meadows are protected now, they are continuing to dry out, often unintentionally. Drainage systems are effective and the climatic conditions are becoming warmer and drier.
Eutrophication
In the past the ecological equilibrium of large lakes such as Balaton and Velence has been disturbed. Intensive use by tourists, lack of sewage handling systems, as well as the use of fertilisers and livestock breeding in the surrounding agriculture areas have led to eutrophication, with the annual appearance of algal blooms and the death of fish. Another consequence of eutrophication has been the establishment and spread of reed Phragmites australis in the marshy meadows, which has reduced the specialised native vegetation.
In summer, the resident human population on the shores of Lake Balaton jumps from 250 000 to 860 000. During the 1950–1975 periods, eutrophication of the lake became a serious problem. This was the result of the growing use of fertilisers and the inflow of phosphorus from sewage discharges originating from lakeside towns and tourist facilities. Algal blooms became particularly frequent in the most polluted western part of the lake. A new pollution control programme has been established. Sewage treatment has improved. Agricultural pollutants in the Zala River at the southwest end of the lake are now retained in a newly constructed series of reservoirs comprising a wetland complex of
almost 15 000 ha, composed of open water, reedbeds and Salix scrub. Ten per cent of the area has been designated as a Ramsar site.
River regulation
Forestry

Native forests of the Pannonian region are under pressure from several factors. The alien tree black locust Robinia pseudoacacia has shown to thrive on the extensively drained sandy grasslands. There thus are larger plantations (292 000 ha) of black locust in the region than anywhere else in Europe. The invasive behaviour of this species, spreading uncontrollably, is a threat to native vegetation. Non-native conifer species such as Scots pine Pinus sylvestris are also widely distributed (243 000 ha) particularly on higher land, as well as non-natural poplar Populus spp. clones in floodplain areas. Valuable indigenous oak and beech tree stands have been replaced. Deforestation of the forest steppe
vegetation occurred at the end of the 1900s, particularly in Romania. This process stemmed from forest management, air pollution and natural disturbances accelerated by an ongoing lowering of the soil water level. Although not so pronounced now, dry conditions still damage the lowland forests.
Defoliation

Forests have been damaged by air pollution and drought for years. The health status of forests is being monitored using defoliation as an indicator of tree health. The reasons for defoliation are not completely known: climatic reasons, as well as insect and fungal attacks, which follow mild winters, could contribute to the problem. However, defoliation is primarily monitored because of the link to long-range air pollution (UNECE/ICP Forests, 2005). Results show that forests in the Pannonian region belong to the moderately damaged category in terms of defoliation.
Mining

Economic interests come into conflict with the conservation of wetland vegetation in the Pannonian region. An example is bauxite mines established after the World War II. The technology used required vast quantities of water and by the end of the 1980s it becomes apparent that the water supply of adjacent marshes was lowered. When the mining was closed (possibly not only because of this) water was converted back to the area. A strictly protected species in Hungary, the Birdseye primrose, Primula farinosa subsp. alpigena, almost went extinct but this was halted as a result of the restoration activity.

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Plant invasion: what can the science tell to nature conservation practice?

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Plant invasion: what can the science tell to nature conservation practice?

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Zoltán Botta-Dukát:
http://turjanvidek.hu/media/statikus/BotaaDukatZ.pdf

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Biogeographical connections of Pannonian steppic woods

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Biogeographical connections of Pannonian steppic woods

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Zoltán Varga:
http://www.pusztaitolgyesek.hu/uploads/conf_afterlife/section01_01_VARGA_Biogeographical%20connections%20of%20Pannonian%20steppic%20woods.pdf

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Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control in Hungary

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Practical Experiences in Invasive Alien Plant Control in Hungary

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Ágnes Csiszár – Márton Korda:

http://turjanvidek.hu/media/statikus/Practical%20Experiences.pdf

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Key environmental stress factors in BFNP/Hungary

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Key environmental stress factors in BFNP/Hungary

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VULNERABILITY ASSESMENT
In  Hungary,  agriculture  is  the  sector  which  is  most  vulnerable  to  the  climate  change.  The effects  of  climate  change  are  differentiated  in  time  and  space,  and  cause  different  damage, subject  to,  amongst  others,  the  specificities  of  nature,  land  use,  agro-techniques.  Amongst the  elemental  types  of  damage,  it  is  the  drought  that  causes  the  highest  lost  in  the  long  run in  Hungary,  and  it  is  followed  by  frost  damage  and  water  damage.  Considering  the  fact  that we  have  to  expect  an  increasing  average  summer  temperature  and  a  decreasing  summer precipitation,  it  can  be  concluded  that  the  largest  challenge  agriculture  faces  is  the  increase of  the  chances  of  drought.  The  vulnerability  of  various  forms  of  land  use,  including  arable crop  production,  to  climate  change  were  studied  in  detail  in  the  National  Adaptation  Geoinformation  System  to  agriculture  (AGRAGIS)  project  closed  in  2016. In  addition  to  the  process  of  warming  and  drying,  unexpected  meteorological  phenomena can  also  cause  significant  damage.  The  followings  can  be  mentioned  among  weather  and climate-related agricultural risks:

·  flood,  groundwater flood

·  drought;

·  flood-like  rains,  mud  avalanches,  landslides,  soil  erosion;

·  wind  storms,  wind  erosion;

·  hails, freezing rains,  fog,  hoarfrost;

·  snowdrift,  snow  barriers;

·  days with  heat,  heatwaves,  more  intense  UVB radiation;

·  early and  late frost,  frost  damage;

·  forest,  wildfires,  stubble  fires;

·  appearance  of  new  pathogens,  pests  and  weeds;  increasing  hazardousness  of  certain pests  that  are  indigenous  to Hungary  but  have been  only of minor  significance  so  far;

·  yield reduction,  indirectly,  due  to  the  increasing  ozone  concentration.

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Weather Extremities, Challenges and Risks in Hungary

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Weather Extremities, Challenges and Risks in Hungary

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Negative impacts caused by global warming occur more and more, year by year in Hungary as well. Climate change in our country led to more frequent extreme weather conditions, causing more cases of destructive, stormy wind, deluging rain, snow storms and major temperature fluctuations. However, these sudden weather changes cannot always be predicted, therefore it is difficult to prepare for the protection and mitigation of losses, thus damage prevention poses new challenges for professionals. Recently, these events have caused serious damage in several inhabited areas of Hungary, and tackling these consequences was a difficult, complex and expensive project.

By analyzing the impact of weather extremities on natural and artificial environment and remediation efforts taken to mediate their consequences, we can conclude that more precise knowledge of these phenomena, preparation for damage elimination, and experience of organizations involved in loss prevention can provide useful basic information by different types of catastrophes.
Manifestations of Extreme Weather in Hungary
-Deluge
-Windstorm
-Heatwave
-Extreme cold, Snow storm
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KUTI Rajmund, NAGY Agnes:

https://folyoiratok.uni-nke.hu/document/uni-nke-hu/aarms-2015-4-kuti.original.pdf

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Janos Ader: Climate Change Is An Everyday Problem 

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Janos Ader: Climate Change Is An Everyday Problem 

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Janos Ader: Climate Change Is An Everyday Problem

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Az éghajlat megfigyelt és várható változásai. Dr Mika János előadása 2017.06.15. 

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Az éghajlat megfigyelt és várható változásai. Dr Mika János előadása 2017.06.15. 

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Dr Mika János: Observed and expected changes in climate (in Hungarian)

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Az éghajlat megfigyelt és várható változásai. Dr  Mika János előadása 2017.06.15.

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The storm is attacking 100 kilometers of wind

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The storm is attacking 100 kilometers of wind

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Williams pear:
It is a cultivar (cultivated variety) of the species Pyrus communis, commonly known as the European Pear. The fruit has a bell shape, considered the traditional pear shape in the west, and its green skin turns yellow upon later ripening, although red-skinned derivative varieties exist. It is considered a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

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Prunus armeniaca (meaning Armenian plum), the most commonly cultivated apricot species, also called ansu apricot, Siberian apricotT, ibetan apricot, is a species of Prunus, classified with the plum in the subgenus Prunus. The native range is somewhat uncertain due to its extensive prehistoric cultivation, though almost certainly somewhere in Asia. It is extensively cultivated in many countries and has escaped into the wild in many places.

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The Tokaj Aszú is the typical noble sweet wine from Tokaj-Hegyalja. The basis of this wine are hand-picked, dried and noble rotten berries. After selecting, those dry berries are processed to an Aszú dough. Taste and quality of the Aszú mainly depend on the number of hods (puttonyos) filled with dry berries (25 kilograms each), which are added to a cask (Gönc type, 136 liters) of dry base wine. Consequently, the proportion between aszú berries and dry base wine is about 1:1 for a 6 puttonyos Aszú. A 3 puttonyos Aszú needs to contain at least 60 g/l of residual sugar; 90 g/l are required for the 4 puttonyos, 120 g/l for the 5 puttonyos and 150 g/l for the 6 puttonyos.
After several months of fermentation, the Aszú matures for 3 to 8 years - traditionally through oxidative ageing with air contact. Aszú is not made every year. The winemaker decides, if the quality of harvest allows Aszú production or not. The Aszú´s decent, stable acidity characterizes this dessert wine, which is one of the slowest maturating and most long-living wines in the world.

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The wines of the Villány Wine Region are considered to be wines both of excellent quality and of commercial success by experts and consumers and the Hungarian wine market.

The first full origin protection system of Hungary was developed out here. The Villány-Siklós Wine Route is the first stronghold of Hungarian wine tourism. The strongest attraction of the region is wine.

In the Villány Wine Region development was built on strong foundations: a respect for traditions.  The treasures of the region include the protected streets of cellars in Palkonya, Villánykövesd, Villány, Nagyharsány and Kisharsány, the cellars and press houses scattered around in the vineyards of Siklós; hundreds of years ago they were important for their technology, now they are important destinations of the tourist industry.
Traditions include the presence of Kadarka, Portugieser, or Schiller wines. The Villány Wine Region, however, is also able to continuously move onward, besides respecting traditions.  It offers an almost perfect and full range of wines. In several modern cellars the most up-to-date technologies are applied.

The wine producers of Villány are frequently among the most successful participants in wine contests and exhibitions. So far, wine producers or wine cellars of Villány have been awarded the prestigious title “Wine Producer of the Year” or “Wine Cellar of the Year” six times.

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Hungary's number 1 Christmas tree: the  Norway spruce

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Hungary's number 1 Christmas tree: the  Norway spruce

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Picea abies

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Hungary's number 2 Christmas tree: the Nordmann fir

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Hungary's number 2 Christmas tree: the Nordmann fir

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Abies nordmanniana

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Hungary's number 3 Christmas tree: the Blue Spruce

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Hungary's number 3 Christmas tree: the Blue Spruce

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Picea pungens

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Solanaceae: Nightshade Family. Identify plants, flowers, shrubs, and trees.

Worldwide, there are 85 genera and 2,300 species, including many of our favorite foods. Thirteen genera are native to North America. The tomato is the genus Lycopersicon. Bell peppers, chili peppers, jalapeno peppers, paprika and tabasco all come from the Capsicum genus. Physalis is the tomatillo. Solanum includes the potato and eggplant. Belladonna is Atropa, while the petunia flower is from the genus Petunia. The genus Nicotiana gives us tobacco.

Chemically, the pattern of this family is alkaloids and lots of them. Many species of this family are narcotic. A narcotic is any alkaloid that depresses the central nervous system; they are toxic in excess. They are used especially for their analgesic properties. An analgesic numbs the body's sense of pain, like opium or morphine. For similar reasons, a few of these species are useful as sedatives. Some depressants can cause hallucinations, including Atropa, Datura, Hyoscyamus and Mandragora.

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With over 2,500 species in more than 90 genera, the rose family (Rosaceae) is one of the major angiosperm families. While its taxonomy is somewhat contentious, the family is usually divided into four subfamilies based primarily on fruit type: Amygdaloideae, with drupes (fleshy stone fruits); Maloideae, with pomes (fruits in which the floral hypanthium becomes fleshy); Rosoideae, with achenes (dry fruits that do not open) or drupelets (small, aggregated drupes); and Spiraeoideae, with follicles (dry fruits that open on one side). The following is a list of some of the major genera and species in Rosaceae, arranged by subfamily.        Amygdaloideae

stone fruits and relatives (genus Prunus)

almond (Prunus dulcis)

apricot (Prunus armeniaca)

blackthorn (Prunus spinosa)

cherry (various Prunus species)

cherry laurel (Prunus caroliniana and P. laurocerasus)

chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)

nectarine (Prunus persica)

peach (Prunus persica)

plum (various Prunus species)

Maloideae

apple and relatives (genus Malus)

apple (Malus domestica)

crab apple (various Malus species)

cotoneaster (genus Cotoneaster)

firethorn (genus Pyracantha)

flowering quince (genus Chaenomeles)

hawthorn (genus Crataegus)

loquat (Eriobotrya japonica)

medlar (Mespilus germanica)

mountain ash (genus Sorbus)

pear (Pyrus communis)

quince (Cydonia oblonga)

serviceberry (genus Amelanchier)

Rosoideae

agrimony (genus Agrimonia)

avens (genus Geum)

brambles (genus Rubus)

blackberry (various Rubus species)

boysenberry (Rubus ursinus)

cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)

dewberry (Rubus species)

loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus)

raspberry (various Rubus species)

burnet (genus Sanguisorba)

cinquefoil (genus Potentilla)

lady’s mantle (genus Alchemilla)

mountain mahogany (genus Cercocarpus)

rose (genus Rosa)

shrubby cinquefoil (genus Dasiphora)

strawberry (genus Fragaria)

Spiraeoideae

goatsbeard (Aruncus dioicus)

spirea (genus Spiraea)

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Commonly known as the pea family, Fabaceae features about 670 genera and nearly 20,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs. Distributed worldwide, members of the family are generally characterized by compound leaves and the production of fruits known as legumes. The following is a list of some of the major genera and species in Fabaceae, arranged alphabetically by common name.

acacia (genus Acacia)

alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

almendro (Dipteryx oleifera)

bean (genus Phaseolus)

green bean (P. vulgaris)

lima bean (P. lunatus)

scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus)

bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)

bush clover (genus Lespedeza)

broom (genus Cytisus)

carob (Ceratonia siliqua)

chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

clover (genus Trifolium)

cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)

crown vetch (Securigera varia)

fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

honey locust (Gleditsia species)

hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus)

indigo (genus Indigofera)

jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus)

kakabeak (genus Clianthus)

Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica)

kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria)

kudzu vine (Pueraria montana)

laburnum (genus Laburnum)

golden chain (L. anagyroides)

genus Lathyrus

beach pea (L. japonicus)

sweet pea (L. odoratus)

lentil (Lens culinaris)

licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis species)

locust (genus Robinia)

logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum)

lupine (genus Lupinus)

Texas bluebonnet (L. texensis and L. subcarnosus)

mesquite (genus Prosopis)

mimosa (genus Mimosa)

sensitive plant (M. pudica)

narra (Pterocarpus species)

pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum)

palo verde (genus Parkinsonia)

pea (Pisum sativum)

peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

redbud (genus Cercis)

rosary pea (Abrus precatorius)

royal poinciana (Delonix regia)

senna (genus Senna)

silk tree (genus Albizia)

smoke tree (Dalea spinosa)

soybean (Glycine max)

suicide tree (Tachigali versicolor)

sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea)

tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

vetch (genus Vicia)

broad bean (V. faba)

wisteria (genus Wisteria)

In plants, only a specific group of plants called leguminous plants have the ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen in to ammonia. Because these plants get associated with the bacteria Rhizobium. Rhizobium is a free living bacteria in the soil. Whenever it recognises the roots of leguminous plants it makes the infection to root hair and established in the root by forming nodule. Inside the nodule bacteria converts to bacteroides and produces the enzyme nitrogenase. This is the enzyme which converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. But this enzyme is very sensitive to oxygen. So to remove oxygen from the nodule host plant produces leghemoglobin, acts as oxygen scavenger. During the entry of bacteria into host plant root hair, it creates infection thread,( a narrow tube like opening in the root hair ) through which atmospheric nitrogen enters to nodule. In the nodule, Nitrogen undergo reduction to converts to Ammonia by the activity of nitrogenase enzyme. This process is called as nitrogen fixation. The ammonia formed is toxic to plants so it immediately converted to amino acids, and these amino acids used in the process of protein synthesis. Thus leguminous plants are the rich source of protein.

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Common species in BFNP: Cotinus coggygria, Royal Purple

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Common species in BFNP: Cotinus coggygria, Royal Purple

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Cotinus coggygria, syn. Rhus cotinus, the European smoketree, Eurasian smoketree, smoke tree, smoke bush, Venice sumach, or dyer's sumach is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae, native to a large area from southern Europe, HUNGARY, east across central Asia and the Himalayas to northern China.
It is a multiple-branching shrub growing to 5–7 m (16–23 ft) tall with an open, spreading, irregular habit, only rarely forming a small tree. The leaves are 3–8 cm long rounded ovals, green with a waxy glaucous sheen. The autumn colour can be strikingly varied, from peach and yellow to scarlet. The flowers are numerous, produced in large inflorescences 15–30 cm (5.9–11.8 in) long; each flower 5–10 mm diameter, with five pale yellow petals. Most of the flowers in each inflorescence abort, elongating into yellowish-pink to pinkish-purple feathery plumes (when viewed en masse these have a wispy 'smoke-like' appearance, hence the common name) which surround the small (2–3 mm) drupaceous fruit that do dev It is commonly grown as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars available. Many of these have been selected for purple foliage and flowers.
The plant has been extensively investigated in a broad range of studies to provide scientific evidence for folklore claims or to find new therapeutic uses. Numerous activities namely antioxidative, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, antigenotoxic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory have been demonstrated for all parts of these plants by in vivo and in vitro studies. Essential oils and extracts showed various pharmacological and biological properties which make them an effective remedy for various kinds of illnesses. Commonly used as antibacterial mouth wash.

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Quercus robur, commonly known as common oak, pedunculate oak, European oak or English oak, is a species of flowering plant in the beech and oak family, Fagaceae. It is native to most of Europe west of the Caucasus.
Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) is large, long-lived deciduous tree native to most of Europe. This species, together with the very similar pedunculate oak (Q. robur), is one of the most economically and ecologically important deciduous forest tree species in Europe.
Quercus cerris, the Turkey oak or Austrian oak, is an oak native to south-eastern Europe and Asia Minor. It is the type species of Quercus sect. Cerris, a section of the genus characterized by shoot buds surrounded by soft bristles, bristle-tipped leaf lobes, and acorns that usually mature in 18 months.
All three oak types are native to Hungary.
Thanks to the tannin content of the oak bark, it is an excellent contraceptive agent, used for the treatment of skin diseases, foot swelling, hemorrhoids and oral inflammation which are not beneficial in the form of baths and compresses.

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Thyme is any member of the genus Thymus of aromatic perennial evergreen herbs in the mint family Lamiaceae. Thymes are relatives of the oregano genus Origanum. They have culinary, medicinal, and ornamental uses, the species most commonly cultivated and used for culinary purposes being Thymus vulgaris. Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming.The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples, believing it was a source of courage. The spread of thyme throughout Europe was thought to be due to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms and to "give an aromatic flavour to cheese and liqueurs".
Thyme is native to Hungary.
Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. While summer-seasonal, fresh greenhouse thyme is often available year-round. The fresh form is more flavourful, but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week.

Oil of thyme, the essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains 20–54% thymol. Thyme essential oil also contains a range of additional compounds, such as p-cymene, myrcene, borneol, and linalool. Thymol, an antiseptic, is an active ingredient in various commercially produced mouthwashes such as Listerine. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to medicate bandages.
The flowers, leaves, and oil of thyme have been used to treat a range of symptoms and complaints.

These include diarrhea, stomach ache, arthritis, and sore throat.
Thyme is thought to have antibacterial, insecticidal, and possibly antifungal properties.

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Dill (Anethum graveolens) is an annual herb in the celery family Apiaceae. It is the only species in the genus Anethum. Dill is grown widely in Eurasia where its leaves and seeds are used as a herb or spice for flavouring food.

Fresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called "dill weed" to distinguish it from dill seed) are widely used as herbs in Europe and central Asia.

Dill is an herb widely cultivated in Eurasia. It is indigenous to the Mediterranean region, Scandinavia, and South Russia.

An old, popular herb of Hungarian cuisine. Widely used for eg for leavened cucumbers, curd pie, pumpkin dishes, but also an excellent flavor for soups, fish and mushroom dishes. Can be used in almost all pickles.

Dill Weed health benefits includes relieving flatulence, stopping hiccups, freshening breath and keeping mouth clean, promoting digestion, curing diarrhea, curing dysentery and reducing menstrual cramps. Other benefits includes alleviating depression curing respiratory disorder, relieving pains caused by arthritis, preventing cancer, strengthening bones and promoting restful sleep.

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Sorbus spp - Endangered plants present in BFNP and Hungary

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Sorbus spp - Endangered plants present in BFNP and Hungary

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Sorbus is a genus of about 100–200 species of trees and shrubs in the rose family, Rosaceae. Species of Sorbus (s.l.) are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan, service tree, and mountain-ash. The exact number of species is disputed depending on the circumscription of the genus, and also due to the number of apomictic microspecies, which some treat as distinct species, but others group in a smaller number of variable species.
Plenty of endangered Sorbus subspecies can be found in BFNP:
Déli berkenye (Sorbus graeca)
Dunai berkenye (Sorbus danubialis)

Bakonyi berkenye (Sorbus bakonyensis)

Balatoni berkenye (Sorbus balatonica)

Gáyer-berkenye (Sorbus gayerana)

Házi berkenye (Sorbus domestica)

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The most important invasive plants in Hungary

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The most important invasive plants in Hungary

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311796497_The_most_important_invasive_plants_in_Hungary

edited by Zoltán Botta-Dukát and Lajos Balogh

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List of protected plants in the area of BFNP

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List of protected plants in the area of BFNP

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Agárkosbor (Orchis morio)

Alacsony pozdor (Scorzonera humilis)

Apró nőszirom (Iris pumila)

Árvalevelűlen (Linum tenuifolium)

Babérboroszlán (Daphne laureola)

Bakonyi berkenye (Sorbus bakonyensis)

Bakszarvú lepkeszeg (Trigonella gladiata)

Balatoni berkenye (Sorbus balatonica)

Balti szegfű (Dianthus arenarius)

Bársonyos kakukkszegfű (Lychnis coronaria)

Békakonty (Listera ovata)

Berzedt tőzegmoha (Sphagnum squarrosum)

Bíboros kosbor (Orchis purpurea)

Bodzaszagú ujjaskosbor (Dactylorhiza sambucina)

Bókoló gyöngyvirágoskörtike (Orthilia secunda)

Bókoló keltike (Corydalis intermedia)

Bokros koronafürt (Hippocrepis emerus)

Boldogasszony papucsa (Cypripedium calceolus)

Borostyán-vajvirág (Orobanche hederae)

Borsóképű lednek (Lathyrus pisiformis)

Borzas szulák (Convolvulus cantabrica)

Borzas vértő (Onosma visianii)​

Bozontos árvalányhaj (Stipa dasyphylla)

Bozontos csukóka (Scutellaria columnae)

Bugás sás (Carex paniculata)

Buglyosszegfű (Dianthus superbus)

Bunkós hagyma (Allium sphaerocephalon)

Buxbaum-sás (Carex buxbaumii)

Büdös poloskavész (Cimicifuga europaea)

Cifra (medvefül) kankalin (Primula auricula)

Cseh tyúktaréj (Gagea bohemica)

Cselling (Cheilanthes marantae)

Csermelyaszat (Cirsium rivulare)

Csillag őszirózsa (Aster amellus)

Csinos árvalányhaj (Stipa pulcherrima)

Csinos tárnicska (Gentianella amarella)

Csónakos tőzegmoha (Sphagnum palustre)

Déli berkenye (Sorbus graeca)

Délvidéki árvalányhaj (Stipa eriocaulis)

Deres csenkes (Festuca pallens)

Díszes vesepáfrány (Polystichum setiferum)

Dombi ibolya (Viola collina)

Dunai berkenye (Sorbus danubialis)

Dunántúli sás (Carex fritschii)

Egypelyvás csetkáka (Eleocharis uniglumis)

Elbai nőszőfű (Epipactis albensis)

Epergyöngyike (Muscari botryoides)

Erdei békaszem (Omphalodes scorpioides)

Erdei borkóró (Thalictrum aquilegiifolium)

Erdei ciklámen (Cyclamen purpurascens)

Erdei holdviola (Lunaria rediviva)

Erdei szellőrózsa (Anemone sylvestris)

Ezüstaszott (Paronychia cephalotes)

Ezüstös útifű (Plantago argentea)

Farkasboroszlán (Daphne mezereum)

Farkasölő sisakvirág (Aconitum vulparia)

Fehér acsalapu (Petasites albus)

Fehér madársisak (Cephalanthera damasonium)

Fehér sás (Carex alba)

Fehér tündérrózsa (Nymphaea alba)

Fehér zászpa (Veratrum album)

Fehérmájvirág (Parnassia palustris)

Fekete fodorka (Asplenium adiantum-nigrum)

Fekete galagonya (Crataegus nigra)

Fekete kökörcsin (Pulsatilla nigricans)

Fekete madárbirs (Cotoneaster niger)

Fekete ribiszke (Ribes nigrum)

Fényes poloskamag (Corispermum nitidum)

Fogaslevelű bükköny (Vicia narbonensis)

Füles fűz (Salix aurita)

Füles kosbor (Orchis mascula)

Fürtös gyűrűvirág (Carpesium abrotanoides)

Fürtös kőtörőfű (Saxifraga paniculata)

Fűzlevelű ökörszem (Buphthalmum salicifolium)

Gáyer-berkenye (Sorbus gayerana)

Gázló (Hydrocotyle vulgaris)

Gérbics (Limodorum abortivum)

Gímpáfrány (Asplenium scolopendrium)

Gombos varjúköröm (Phyteuma orbiculare)

Gömbtermésű sárma (Ornithogalum sphaerocarpum)

Gyapjas gyűszűvirág (Digitalis lanata)

Gyapjasmagvú sás (Carex liparicarpos)

Gyepes nefelejcs (Myosotis laxa)

Gyérvirágú csetkáka (Eleocharis quinqueflora)

Gyilkos csomorika (Cicuta virosa)

Halvány sáfrány (Crocus vittatus)

Halvány ujjaskosbor (Dactylorhiza ochroleuca)

Hármaslevelű vidrafű (Menyanthes trifoliata)

Havasi ribiszke (Ribes alpinum)

Havasi szittyó (Juncus alpinoarticulatus)

Havasi turbolya (Anthriscus nitidus)

Házi berkenye (Sorbus domestica)

Hengeresfészkű peremizs (Inula germanica)

Henye boroszlán (Daphne cneorum)

Heverő iszapfű (Lindernia procumbens)

Holuby-bangó (Ophrys holubyana)

Hólyagos kerekesféreglakta-májmoha (Frullania inflata)

Homoki árvalányhaj (Stipa borysthenica)

Homoki bakszakáll (Tragopogon floccosus)

Homoki fátyolvirág (Gypsophila fastigiata)

Homoki imola (Centaurea arenaria)

Homoki korcsord (Peucedanum arenarium)

Homoki nőszirom (Iris arenaria)

Homoki szalmagyopár (Helichrysum arenarium)

Homoki varjúháj (Sedum hillebrandtii)

Homoki vértő (Onosma arenaria)

Hosszúlevelű aggóvirág (Tephroseris longifolia)

Hosszúlevelű árvalányhaj (Stipa tirsa)

Hóvirág (Galanthus nivalis)

Hússzínű ujjaskosbor (Dactylorhiza incarnata)

Ibolyás nőszőfű (Epipactis purpurata)

Illatos bibircsvirág (Gymnadenia odoratissima)

Illatos hagyma (Allium suaveolens)

Kacstalan lednek (Lathyrus nissolia)

Kálmos (Acorus calamus)

Kapcsos korpafű (Lycopodium clavatum)

Karcsú sisakvirág (Aconitum variegatum)

Karcsú tőzegmoha (Sphagnum recurvum)

Kardos madársisak (Cephalanthera longifolia)

Karéjos vesepáfrány (Polystichum aculeatum)

Kékes borkóró (Thalictrum pseudominus)

Keleti zergevirág (Doronicum orientale)

Keménytövisű lucerna (Medicago rigidula)

Kereklevelű körtike (Pyrola rotundifolia)

Kései prémestárnics (Gentianopsis ciliata)

Kései szegfű (Dianthus serotinus)

Keskenylevelű gyapjúsás (Eriophorum angustifolium)

Keszthelyi berkenye (Sorbus decipientiformis)

Kétlevelű sarkvirág (Platanthera bifolia)

Kígyónyelv (Ophioglossum vulgatum)

Királyné gyertyánja/genyőjke (Asphodelus albus)

Kis holdruta (Botrychium lunaria)

Kis körtike (Pyrola minor)

Kis rence (Utricularia minor)

Kisfészkű aszat (Cirsium brachycephalum)

Kisfészkű hangyabogáncs (Jurinea mollis)

Kislevelű nőszőfű (Epipactis microphylla)

Konkoly (Agrostemma githago)

Kormos csáté (Schoenus nigricans)

Kornistárnics (Gentiana pneumonanthe)

Kőrislevelű nagyezerjófű (Dictamnus albus)

Kövér daravirág (Draba lasiocarpa)

Kövi pimpó (Potentilla rupestris)

Közönséges harangláb (Aquilegia vulgaris)

Közönséges tölgyespáfrány (Gymnocarpium dryopteris)

Közönséges vízilófark (Hippuris vulgaris)

Kúszó/lápi csalán (Utrica kioviensis)

Láperdei tőzegmoha (Sphagnum teres)

Lápi békabuzogány (Sparganium natans)

Lápi hízóka (Pinguicula vulgaris)

Lápi nádtippan (Calamagrostis stricta)

Lápi nyúlfarkfű (Sesleria uliginosa)

Lápi sás (Carex davalliana)

Leánykökörcsin (Pulsatilla grandis)

Légybangó (Ophrys insectifera)

Levéltelen bajuszvirág (Epipogium aphyllum)

Ligeti csillagvirág (Scilla vindobonensis)

Lila csenkesz (Festuca amethystina)

Lisztes berkenye (Sorbus aria)

Lisztes kankalin (Primula farinosa)

Lónyelvű csodabogyó (Ruscus hypoglossum)

Macskahere (Phlomis tuberosa)

Madárfészek (Neottia nidus-avis)

Magas borsó (Pisum elatius)

Magyar gurgolya (Seseli leucospermum)

Magyar lednek (Lathyrus pannonicus)

Magyar perje (Poa pannonica)

Magyar pikkelypáfrány (Ceterach javorkaeanum)

Magyar repcsény (Erysimum odoratum)

Májvirág (Hepatica nobilis)

Martilapu-vajvirág (Orobanche flava)

Méhbangó (Ophrys apifera)

Mezei szegfű (Dianthus deltoides)

Mocsári aggófű (Senecio paludosus)

Mocsári békaliliom (Hottonia palustris)

Mocsári csorbóka (Sonchus palustris)

Mocsári kardvirág (Gladiolus palustris)

Mocsári kígyófű (Triglochin palustre)

Mocsári kocsord (Peucedanum palustre)

Mocsári kosbor (Anacamptis palustris)

Mocsári lednek (Lathyrus palustris)

Mocsári nőszőfű (Epipactis palustris)

Mohos csitri (Moehringia muscosa)

Müller-nőszőfű (Epipactis muelleri)

Nádi boglárka (Ranunculus lingua)

Nagy aggófű (Senecio umbrosus)

Nagy gombafű (Androsace maxima)

Nagy picsirtafű (Polygala major)

Nagy szegfű (Dianthus giganteiformis)

Nagyvirágú fényperje (Koeleria majoriflora)

Nagyvirágú gyíkfű (Prunella grandiflora)

Négysarkú piramismoha (Pyramidula tetragona)

Norden-nőszőfű (Epipactis nordeniorum)

Nyárfa-pókhálósgomba (Cortinarius paracephalixus)

Nyugati csillagvirág (Scilla drunensis)

Nyugati pikkelypáfrány (Asplenium ceterach)

Nyúlánk sárma (Ornithogalum pyramidale)

Óriás pókhálósgomba (Cortinarius praestans)

Osztrák galaj (Galium austriacum)

Örménygyökér (Inula helenium)

Őszi csillagvirág (Scilla autumnalis)

Őszi füzértekercs (Spiranthes spiralis)

Palkasás (Carex bohemica)

Pázsitos nőszirom (Iris graminea)

Pettyes orbáncfű (Hypericum maculatum)

Pilisi bükköny (Vicia sparsiflora)

Piros madársisak (Cephalanthera rubra)

Piros mécsvirág (Silene dioica)

Piros pozdor (Scorzonera purpurea)

Pirotógyökér (Tamus communis)

Pókbangó (Ophrys sphegodes)

Poloskaszagú kosbor (Anacamptis coriophora)

Pompás kosbor (Orchis laxiflora)

Posvány kakastaréj (Pedicularis palustris)

Pusztai árvalányhaj (Stipa pennata)

Pusztai meténg (Vinca herbacea)

Rákosi csenkesz (Festuca wagneri)

Réti szegfű (Dianthus deltoides)

Rojtos tőzegmoha (Sphagnum fimbriatum)

Rostostövű sás (Carex appropinquata)

Sápadt kosbor (Orchis pallens)

Sárga koronafürt (Coronilla coronata)

Sárga kövirózsa (Jovibarba globifera)

Sárga len (Linum flavum)

Sárgaliliom (Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus)

Selymes boglárka (Ranunculus illyricus)

Selymes peremizs (Inula oculus-christi)

Sokvirágú habszegfű (Silene multiflora)

Sömörös kosbor (Orchis ustulata)

Sulyoktáska (Aethionema saxatile)

Sulyom (Trapa natans)

Sűrű csetkáka (Eleocharis carniolica)

Szálkás árvalányhaj (Stipa bromoides)

Szálkás pajzsika (Dryopteris carthusiana)

Szártalan bábakalács (Carlina acaulis)

Szártalan kankalin (Primula vulgaris)

Szarvas hagyma (Allium carinatum)

Széles pajzsika (Dryopteris dilatata)

Széleslevelű gyapjúsás (Eriophorum latifolium)

Széleslevelű nőszőfű (Epipactis helleborine)

Széleslevelű ujjaskosbor (Dactylorhiza majalis)

Szent László-tárnics (Gentiana cruciata)

Szennyes ínfű (Ajuga laxmannii)

Szibériai nőszirom (Iris sibirica)

Sziki árokvirág (Samolus valerandi)

Sziklai kövifoszlár (Cardaminopsis petraea)

Színes békaszőlő (Potamogeton coloratus)

Szirti madárbirs (Cotoneaster integerrimus)

Sziklai ternye (Aurinia saxatilis)

Színes békaszőlő (Potamogeton coloratus)

Szőke oroszlánfog (Leontodon incanus)

Szúnyoglábú bibircsvirág (Gymnadenia conopsea)

Szúrós csodabogyó (Ruscus aculeatus)

Szürkés ördögszem (Scabiosa canescens)

Tallós-nőszőfű (Epipactis tallosii)

Tarka imola (Centaurea triumfettii)

Tarka kosbor (Neotinea tridentata)

Tarka lednek (Lathyrus venetus)

Tarka nádtippan (Calamagrostis varia)

Tarka nőszirom (Iris variegata)

Tarka sáfrány (Crocus reticulatus)

Tarka zsurló (Equisetum variegatum)

Tátorján (Crambe tataria)

Tavaszi görvélyfű (Scrophularia vernalis)

Tavaszi hérics (Adonis vernalis)

Tavaszi tőzike (Leucojum vernum)

Téli zsurló (Equisetum hyemale)

Téltemető (Eranthis hyemalis)

Tengeri szittyó (Juncus maritimus)

Terpedt koronafürt (Coronilla vaginalis)

Tőzegpáfrány (Thelypteris palustris)

Turbánliliom (Lilium martagon)

Tündérfátyol (Nymphoides peltata)

Vastaggallyú körte (Pyrus nivalis)

Vetővirág (Sternbergia colchiciflora)

Vitézkosbor (Orchis militaris)

Vitézvirág (Anacamptis pyramidalis)

Vízparti deréce (Chamaenerion dodonaei)

Vörösbarna nőszőfű (Epipactis atrorubens)

Vöth-nőszőfű (Epipactis voethii)

Zergeboglár (Trollius europaeus)

Zöld fodorka (Asplenium viride)

Zöld seprőmoha (Dicranum viride)

Zöldes körtike (Pyrola chlorantha)

Zöldike (Dactylorhiza viridis)

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Threatening factors for endangered plant species

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Threatening factors for endangered plant species

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-climate change and it's effects: extreme weather conditions, drought, stormy wind, deluging rain, major temperatur fluctuation, uneven precipitation dispersion
-habitat loss / degradation / fregmentation
-invasinve species
-human factor, inbreeding, hybridisation, clonal breeding
-harmful agricultural practices, monocultures, pesticides, diseases, pests
-decrease in pollinators
-industrial use for food, medicine, forage, fuel etc.

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Business plan of a local volunteer organisation that aims to protect flora & fauna of BFNP/Hungary/World

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Business plan of a local volunteer organisation that aims to protect flora & fauna of BFNP/Hungary/World

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The aims of the volunteer organization:
-raise awareness in the topic of climate change effects and biodiversity loss
-conservation/ protection of flora & fauna, especially endangered plant species in the area of BFNP/Hungary
Research / preliminary activities:

-Contact /consult / cooperate with the National Park, relevant governmental and local environmental institutes, organizations and associations, councils
-Investigate & study current projects and activities (there are numerous ongoing activities in the area organized by Natura 2000, Ramsar Convention, European Diploma, Bakony-Balaton Geopark etc.)
Activities:
-organize guided walks/tours to give opportunity to explore the area, learn about flora & fauna in cooperation with the National Park
-organize workshops, educations and lessons in schools about the importance of biodiversity and effects of climate change with focus on solutions, preventive actions
Raising awareness:
-Prepare not only longer presentations, but also shorter messages, 1-3 minutes youtube videos, articles, tweets, Instagram /Facebook posts with different topics both in English and in Hungarian language.
Get a whole collection with creative ideas and solutions for each separate topics of climate change effects, biodiversity loss, 6th mass extinctions, have some more comprehensive ones (emphasize the effects on humans to get people touched) , but also some in details eg. about importance of bees, environmental friendly everyday activities, how to live without plastic, domestic cats as invasive species, advantages of less meat consumption not only from environmental point of view, permaculture, medical plants, cultivation practices, organic farming, sustainability in different areas, plant migration etc.
Involve influencers and use their help to spread the messages.
I'd get volunteers involved in creating the collection and use their creativeness and diversity, but the activity has to be monitored and supervised by experts.
Focus: get people motivated and not only educate, but suggest solution, concrete actions with positive, motivating messages
Special attention on millennials (who are more sensitive to the topic), cooperate internationally for example with other similar volunteer organizations started by Biotalent participants.
What do you think? :)

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A recent news about The Rapid Decline Of The Natural World 

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A recent news about The Rapid Decline Of The Natural World 

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Nature is in freefall and the planet's support systems are so stretched that we face widespread species extinctions and mass human migration unless urgent action is taken. That's the warning hundreds of scientists are preparing to give, and it's stark.

The last year has seen a slew of brutal and terrifying warnings about the threat climate change poses to life. Far less talked about but just as dangerous, if not more so, is the rapid decline of the natural world. The felling of forests, the over-exploitation of seas and soils, and the pollution of air and water are together driving the living world to the brink, according to a huge three-year, U.N.-backed landmark study to be published in May.

The study from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform On Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), expected to run to over 8,000 pages, is being compiled by more than 500 experts in 50 countries. It is the greatest attempt yet to assess the state of life on Earth and will show how tens of thousands of species are at high risk of extinction, how countries are using nature at a rate that far exceeds its ability to renew itself, and how nature's ability to contribute food and fresh water to a growing human population is being compromised in every region on earth.

Nature underpins all economies with the "free" services it provides in the form of clean water, air and the pollination of all major human food crops by bees and insects. In the Americas, this is said to total more than $24 trillion a year. The pollination of crops globally by bees and other animals alone is worth up to $577 billion.

The final report will be handed to world leaders not just to help politicians, businesses and the public become more aware of the trends shaping life on Earth, but also to show them how to better protect nature.

"High-level political attention on the environment has been focused largely on climate change because energy policy is central to economic growth. But biodiversity is just as important for the future of earth as climate change," said Sir Robert Watson, overall chair of the study, in a telephone interview from Washington, D.C.

"We are at a crossroads. The historic and current degradation and destruction of nature undermine human well-being for current and countless future generations," added the British-born atmospheric scientist who has led programs at NASA and was a science adviser in the Clinton administration. "Land degradation, biodiversity loss and climate change are three different faces of the same central challenge: the increasingly dangerous impact of our choices on the health of our natural environment."

Around the world, land is being deforested, cleared and destroyed with catastrophic implications for wildlife and people. Forests are being felled across Malaysia, Indonesia and West Africa to give the world the palm oil we need for snacks and cosmetics. Huge swaths of Brazilian rainforest are being cleared to make way for soy plantations and cattle farms, and to feed the timber industry, a situation likely to accelerate under new leader Jair Bolsonaro, a right-wing populist.

Industrial farming is to blame for much of the loss of nature, said Mark Rounsevell, professor of land use change at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany, who co-chaired the European section of the IPBES study. "The food system is the root of the problem. The cost of ecological degradation is not considered in the price we pay for food, yet we are still subsidizing fisheries and agriculture."

This destruction wrought by farming threatens the foundations of our food system. A February report from the U.N. warned that the loss of soil, plants, trees and pollinators such as birds, bats and bees undermines the world's ability to produce food.

An obsession with economic growth as well as spiraling human populations is also driving this destruction, particularly in the Americas where GDP is expected to nearly double by 2050 and the population is expected to increase 20 percent to 1.2 billion over the same period.

Nature is likely to be hit particularly hard over the next 30 years, said Jake Rice, chief scientist emeritus at the Canadian government's department of oceans and fisheries, who co-chaired the Americas study. High consumption and destructive farming will further degrade land and marine ecosystems, he added, although the pace of destruction is diminishing because so much has already gone.

"The great transformation has already taken place in North America but the remote parts of South and Central America remain under threat. A new wave of destruction is transforming the Amazon and Pampas regions [of Latin America]," said Rice.

All of this comes at a huge cost and has implications for the systems that prop up life on this planet, throwing into doubt the ability of humans to survive.

"The loss of trees, grasslands and wetlands is costing the equivalent of about 10 percent of the world's annual gross product, driving species extinctions, intensifying climate change and pushing the planet toward a sixth mass species extinction," says the report.

Future generations will likely experience far less wildlife, said Luthando Dziba, head of conservation services at South African National Parks, who co-chaired the section of the IPBES report that focuses on Africa.

"Africa is the world's last home for a wide range of large mammals but the scientific consensus is that under current scenarios to 2100 more than half of African bird and mammal species could be lost," said Dziba.

Around 20 percent of Africa's land surface has already been degraded by soil erosion, loss of vegetation, pollution and salinization, he said, adding that the expected doubling of the continent's population to 2.5 billion people by 2050 will put yet further pressure on its biodiversity.

While people are familiar with the threats to whales, elephants and other beloved animals, the problem goes far deeper than that. Animal populations have declined by 60 percent since 1970, driven by human actions, according to a recent World Wildlife Fund study.

And insects, vital to the diets of other animals, as well as the pollinators of our food, are facing a bleak future as populations appear to be collapsing. Land use changes and increased pesticide use are destroying habitats and vastly reducing numbers. In Europe, up to 37 percent of bees and 31 percent of butterflies are in decline, with major losses also recorded in southern Africa, according to the pollinators section of the report.

"Species which are not charismatic have been politically overlooked," said Rounsevell. "Over 70 percent of freshwater species and 61 percent of amphibians have declined [in Europe], along with 26 percent of marine fish populations and 42 percent of land-based animals ... It is a dramatic change and a direct result of the intensification of farming," he said.

This destruction is also driving mass human migration and increased conflict. Decreasing land productivity makes societies more vulnerable to social instability, says the report, which estimates that in around 30 years' time land degradation, together with the closely related problems of climate change, will have forced 50 to 700 million people to migrate.

"It will just be no longer viable to live on those lands," said Watson.

The study will also recognize that much of the remaining wealth of nature depends on indigenous people, who mostly live in the world's remote areas and are on the frontline of the damage caused by destructive logging and industrial farming. According to IPBES, indigenous communities often know best how to conserve nature and are better placed than scientists to provide detailed information on environmental change.

Brazil - which nationwide hosts about 42,000 plant species, 9,000 species of vertebrates and almost 130,000 invertebrates - has an indigenous population of almost 900,000 people, says the report.

"What surprised me the most about this study was that it became clear that the older cultures, like the indigenous peoples of the Americas, have different values which protect nature better [than Western societies]," said Watson. "No one should romanticize indigenous peoples, and we cannot turn the clock back, but we can learn a lot from them on how to protect the planet."

Indigenous people, however, continue to experience discrimination, threats and murder. In Brazil, for example, Bolsonaro's election has cemented a pro-corporate, anti-indigenous agenda that has already started to undermine the rights of the country's native communities.

Although their conclusions are stark, the IPBES authors are not entirely gloomy about Earth's prospects. In offering practical options for future action, they want to show that it is not too late to slow down or even reverse degradation.

The authors are expected to say in their conclusions that to avoid disaster, existing laws will have to be enforced, and further regulations put on, for example, deforestation and overfishing. Reports already published have also called for better protection of pollinators, tighter control of invasive species and greater public awareness of the decline in nature.

They will also recognize that individual and community actions to plant trees, regenerate abandoned lands and protect nature can have a major positive impact.

Many other solutions to save nature have been put forward by individuals and countries.

Veteran biologist E.O.Wilson proposed that half the Earth needs to be protected to have any hope of avoiding disaster. Elsewhere, indigenous people in Latin America have argued for the creation of one of the world's largest protected land areas, stretching from the southern tip of the Andes to the Atlantic.

Several countries are taking bold initiatives to restore land, both to help meet climate targets and to protect and enhance biodiversity. Pakistan intends to plant 10 billion trees (although its previous billion tree campaign was not without controversy), Ethiopia has mobilized communities to regenerate 15 million hectares of degraded lands and the Green Wall project is pushing for a 4,970-mile long belt of vegetation across Africa. Meanwhile, the U.N. Environment program has reported a surge in the number and size of marine protected areas.

Public awareness of the crisis is also growing, with new social movements setting up to put pressure on governments to act urgently. The Extinction Rebellion movement, which began in London in October, argues that we face an unprecedented emergency. Backed by academics, scientists, church leaders and others, including Naomi Klein, Noam Chomsky and Vandana Shiva, it claims to have spread to 35 countries in its first two months. Children too are joining in. On March 15, thousands of young people across 30 countries plan to strike from school and protest against inaction on climate change.

But despite these moves to reverse the ongoing destruction of the natural world, the big picture remains worrying. Ambitious global agreements like the Aichi targets set in Japan in 2010 and the U.N.'s Sustainable Development Goals around protecting nature, may not be met at current rates of progress, say the report authors.

Ultimately, Watson concludes that saving nature will require a major rethink of how we live and how we think about nature, but that it is possible to turn this dire situation around if governments want it to happen.

"There are no magic bullets or one-size-fits-all answers. The best options are found in better governance, putting biodiversity concerns into the heart of farming and energy policies, the application of scientific knowledge and technology, and increased awareness and behavioral changes," Watson said. "The evidence shows that we do know how to protect and at least partially restore our vital natural assets. We know what we have to do."
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HuffPost's 'This New World' series is funded by Partners for a New Economy and the Kendeda Fund. All content is editorially independent, with no influence or input from the foundations. If you have an idea or tip for the editorial series, send an email to thisnewworld@huffpost.com

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We Face A Crisis Bigger Than Climate Change, But We're Not Talking About It

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Nature is in freefall and the planet's support systems are so stretched that we face widespread species extinctions and mass human migration unless urgent action is taken. That's the warning hundreds of scientists are preparing to give, and it's stark. The last year has seen a slew of brutal and terrifying warnings about the threat climate change poses to life.

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Beira, Mozambique, reportedly the hardest hit city, "will go down in history as having been the first city to be completely devastated by climate change", said Graca Machel, the country's former first lady and a prominent humanitarian in an interview. Many, many hundreds are dead in what the United Nation call "the worst weather disaster in history in the Southern Hemisphere". Climate breakdown is happening now. And the vast majority of those who are suffering have done nothing to cause this crisis. In Mozambique they emit 0,3 tonnes CO2 per capita per year. In the USA it's over 16 tonnes per capita.
source: instagram post of Greta Thunberg 26th March

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View the destruction from Cyclone Idai in Mozambique

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30th March 8.30pm - each single act matters

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What is Earth Hour? | Earth Hour 2019 | WWF

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The threat of climate change and the knowledge that it is related to CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels has led scientists to look for alternatives for our energy needs, that is in the cultivation of biofuel crops.

Using your everyday knowledge, which of the following sentences do you think is true?

Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels is highly controversial since it solves one problem but creates new ones.

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In the Andes, the longest continental mountain range in the world, located in south America, tree species are ‘on the run’, trying to move to ground of higher altitude. They are shifting roughly 2.5 to 3.5 vertical meters a year on average, but in fact they need to migrate more than 20 vertical feet a year!

Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes where the air is cool enough to support their existence. Due to the fast climatic change they have to move faster in order to remain in equilibrium with their preferred temperatures.

3. Tropical Andean trees migrate to higher altitudes due to human activities in the area. Local people and tourists cut branches as souvenirs, forcing trees to migrate to remote areas faster.

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Hungarian government announced on The International Day of Forests, 21st March 2019 to plant 22 million tree sapling in spring, which is around 2,000-2,500 hectares of forest area.
This year, the ministry has already given the permission to install 4,800 hectares of forest land and is currently considering a further 1,200 hectares of forest, so there are altogether 6,000 acres of new forest.
Hungary's forest coverage is around 20% at the moment, which is very low. It is planned to raise it to 27% in short term.
However with an annual expansion of 6,000 hectares, the plantation of the missing 550,000 hectares of forest can last for 100 years.
source:
https://www.agrarszektor.hu/noveny/6-ezer-hektarral-bovul-iden-a-magyar-erdoterulet-meg-100-ev-es-elerjuk-a-celt.13381.html