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What do these examples of commemoration suggest about the people commemorated? 

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What do these examples of commemoration suggest about the people commemorated? 

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more human - having more people in - connection to the society they belong to

deceased alone - more heroic depiction?

what they deem important is represented - family values

good wives - fulfilling of domestic roles and traditional values is suggested

what society thought as being their important traits

women were commemorated with change in citizenship (Athenian)

social status

potential to be Hermes taking the deceased down to Hades; providing safe travel

Athenian family - central figure holding spear - potential death involving military campaign? Or partaking in military campaigns during life? Decorated veteran?

Teach her something ? Holding offering out towards her

Commemorated Hegeso- richly dressed, hair covered,

Snap shot of life?

Daughter/Slave/Servant?

Emphasis on role of mother if daughter

Emphasis on social standing and role as housekeeper if slave

Seated significance - to identify the deceased within the relief

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Week 3: How does exchange between Odysseus and Antikleia present the relationship between the living and the dead?

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Week 3: How does exchange between Odysseus and Antikleia present the relationship between the living and the dead?

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Selective knowledge: doesn't know about Odysseus but knows about Penelope, his wife

Three embraces (failed)

Intangibility

Expression of grief

Did not know that she had passed

Physical presence of the spirits/shades (tears)

Continuous mourning of spirits

Tears (lots!)

Disconnection from the living world

Odysseus thinks she might be a trick - "an image that proud Persephone.."

Guides him in life (advice on to tell Penelope everything)

Cause of death: "a longing for [Odysseus], [his] cleverness, and [his] gentle ways.." 202-3.

Sharing of information: familiarity - relationship is maintained (it still exists beyond death); immediately recognises him, "full of lamentation". Dead are still concerned with the living. Interest, wants to know what is going on

Doesn't have full access to world of the living: doesn't actually know about Odysseus

Memory: the exchange of memories, maintaining memory is important

intangibility: wants to embrace her (hugs for mum). The living want to connect with the dead - he hasn't gone to connect with family but he stays to connect

Dream-like: hazy/from the POV of the living- reflection upon memory

Belief that there is a soul in a body: what makes up a person? She lacks a physical body; escaping you --- dreams escape you.

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Week 2: What does the entrance space suggest about the nature of the Underworld? (Virgil, Aeneid 6.331-402)

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Week 2: What does the entrance space suggest about the nature of the Underworld? (Virgil, Aeneid 6.331-402)

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Motif of jaws/mouth/maw of entrance; going to be consumed by death, one way trip (being eaten), consumption -- suggestion of nature of the Afterlife (experiencing death as consuming)

Size: if the entrance was profound...and huge, it's big = the Underworld is big. Suggestion that death is also huge/how many does it encompass? All of the dead- is it bigger than the world of the living?

Wild: rough under foot; untamed/uncivilised/not ordered (implications for Roman readership?)/natural in the unnatural/chaos being natural?/natural????

Cave: natural formation but description does not appear natural - godly addition? Unnatural to the World of the living

Avernus - used to mean the Underworld : using it to specifically means the entrance to the Underworld, relates to avis (ah-wizz) [noun: birds/flying things], therefore avernus means the lack of flying thing

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Week 2: What does the entrance space suggest about the relationship between the Underworld and the World of the living? (Virgil, Aeneid 6.331-402)

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Week 2: What does the entrance space suggest about the relationship between the Underworld and the World of the living? (Virgil, Aeneid 6.331-402)

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Physical Space

Sense of warped reality:  "gloomy forest..deathly exhalations rose from the black gorge.." 333-5

Liminal-ity/transition

Not two distinct places: elements overlapped, death present in the world of the living and living present in the world of the dead; "cavern was profound, wide-mouthed, and huge...deathly exhalations..."

Polluting world of the living

Architecture reflecting the Roman homes: going into the home of Pluto, having to follow the rules laid down by the master of the home: imagery of atrium of a home. Courtyard. Understand the function of atrium in the living world to the readership. Suggests that there are defined regions/architectural plan to the readers.

Grief, Cares, pale Diseases, sad Age, Dread, Hunger, sordid Want, Death, Toil and Sleep, Death-bringing War, raving Discord: most common (known) causes of death to the Romans therefore, closest to the entrance: able to escape and ravage the mortal world. Having to go through them/having them bring you to the Underworld. Physically the closest.

Presence of Elm tree : potential call back to Orpheus Myth; also very easily to contort and bend (flexibility between worlds?)

Presence of Monsters: known monsters to Romans, often associated with foundation myths, the first to be overcome to achieve greatness (i.e Geryon and Hercules)

Offerings: distinct separation, needed to travel within World of the dead - respect, paying dues

Reflection of patron-client relationship which is prevalent in Roman society

Doorway: passage is possible, what can go in, can come out

Fear: associated with the Underworld, personifications of real-life problems, believed to preside in the Underworld. Manifestation of the fears/anxieties of the world of the living. Specific to ways that that you can die (overlying fear of death?) -- literally wear you down or a consequent upon that (376-384)

Layered space: other entrances, knowing when you're fully in and fully out is difficult. Conveyed here. Some entities expressed here are akin to the experience of death and as so are presented as neither in nor out.

Suggests the Underworld has an externalisation of things that would not be allowed in the world of the living; experience as external beings

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Week 1: Key Geographical/Topographical Features of the Underworld (Plato, Phaedo 112a-113c)

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Week 1: Key Geographical/Topographical Features of the Underworld (Plato, Phaedo 112a-113c)

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WATER
Encircles
Contains or excludes the inhabitants surrounding it
Often form a natural boundary
Rivers and Lakes

1. Styx (what the gods swear upon) "leaden grey" "lake"

2. Lethe (forgetfulness)

3. Acheron where the majority of souls go in the afterlife directly opposite to OCeanus, flowing into desolate regions

4. Phlegethon (ON FIRE) flows into Tartatos "jets of lava.." 113b - origin of lava from volcanoes

5. Kokytos flows into Tartaros and flows into the Stygian Region and becomes

Oceanus "the greatest of [rivers]...the outermost circle..." 113a

May be in levels

Spirals and circles "winding like snakes.." 112d

LOTS OF MIST
Tartaros

Pit in the ground (cavity in the earth)

Biggest cavity in the earth

Ominous

The abyss

Upside down traffic cone

Physical power of water movement creates air

NOTE: climate of Underworld -- mist

Regions -- very distinct between areas
Physics

Gravity

Similarities between world of living and dead but not exact

Reflection of world of living; distorted

Not on one plane

Not on same level

Inspiration for Vergil/Dante?

Work according to different rules

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Week 1: Key Geographical/Topographical Features of the Underworld (Hesiod, Theogony 726-825) 

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Week 1: Key Geographical/Topographical Features of the Underworld (Hesiod, Theogony 726-825) 

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Spacing/Distance

In equal separation from the earth as the Olympus/the Heavens above

Shown by the hypothetical dropping of the bronze anvil

It hits the ground - Underworld is a physical place with a ground - has a physicality

Location between other physical places

Wall and Bronze Gates

Natural outgrow of bronze

Can put things in relation to it

Positive in relation to it - i.e. Night's house inside in the walls

Not a common material of walls in the world of the living (wealth?)

Contains dwellings and houses

River System

Named rivers

Styx flows between human world and underworld

Iris collects at precipitous stone - waterfall?

Carries water -- provide the source of life

Moves through space -- transportation of people and objects through a physical connection

Dwellings

Night and Death have own house

Night and Day share house --suggests that they cannot be in same place at same time

Suggests that the environment is dark and gloomy  -- swamp-iness? scary? neither water or land -- growth but also death. Reflection of environment that is natural but not.

Emphasis on substances of composition of Underworld (gloomy dark)

Has Nyx (night) there when Hesiod begins his tale but Erebos is there as well (also darkness, but thicker, gloomier darkness)

Static environment -- no cycle of day and night

Day may be inside the house but may not be lighting