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14- Describe the structure of sucrose, its link and home it is obtained 

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14- Describe the structure of sucrose, its link and home it is obtained 

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It is a disaccharide , a molecule composed of the two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants. In sucrose, the components glucose and fructose are linked via an ether bond between C1 on the glucosyl subunit and C2 on the fructosyl unit. The bond is called a glycosidic linkage.

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What are carbohydrates? What are they composed by? What are they also called?
Carbohydrates are organic compounds, also
known as saccharides or carbs, are sugars or starches. They are a major food source and a key form of energy for most organisms. They consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They contain aldehyde and ketone groups.

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2) Which are their functions and roles in living organism? - Bigini Marco

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2) Which are their functions and roles in living organism? - Bigini Marco

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Carbohydrates have ketone or aldehyde functions. Their roles in living organism are: storage of energy, structural components, breakdown of fatty acids, biological recogniction processes, components of coenzymes and genetic molecules.

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Tommaso Bugatti                                                     3) What is monosaccharide? How many types of simple sugar do exist? Which are the main monosaccharide 

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Tommaso Bugatti                                                     3) What is monosaccharide? How many types of simple sugar do exist? Which are the main monosaccharide 

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Monosaccharide are the smallest carbohydrate molecule. There are two type of simple sugar.
Aldose: monosaccharide containing on aldahyde group.
Ketose: monosaccharide containing on ketone group
The main monosaccharide are: Glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose

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What is the fischer projection? Which is the difference between D-monosaccharides and L-monosaccharides?

The fischer projection is the open chain form of monosaccharides.

D-monosaccharides: The –OH group on the bottom-most asymmetric carbon is on the right side

L-monosaccharides: The –OH group on the bottom-most asymmetric carbon is on the left side

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What is the Haworth projection? How many cyclic forms are there? Which is the difference between alfa and beta projection?
A Hawort projection can be used to present the cyclic of monosaccharides.
the cyclic form are two:
a (alpha) where the -OH on the right side of the vertical line in a fisher projection will be pointing down in a Hawort projection.
B (beta) where the -OH on the left , side in a a fisher projection will be pointing up in a Hawort projection.

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6. Samuele Giannoni           What is the name of the two cyclic form? 

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6. Samuele Giannoni           What is the name of the two cyclic form? 

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The name of the two cyclic form is Furanose, for the form with 5 atom on the ring, and Pyranose, for the form with 6 atom on the ring.

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Where is anomeric carbon in aldo and in ketosis?
The anomeric carbons in aldo is C1 and in ketosis is C2

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8) What si the mutarotation?Federico azzarini

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8) What si the mutarotation?Federico azzarini

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Mutarotation is a chemical-physical phenomenon that manifests itself in the optically active monosaccharides and consists in a progressive variation, from an initial value up to a stationary value, of the specific rotatory power of such compounds, when they are dissolved in a polar solvent.
Mutarotazione

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10) How is glucose synthesized?
Glucose is initially synthesized by chlorophill in plants using carbon dioxide from air, and sunlight as an energy source; this process is called Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Galactose is an aldohexose and is usually found in nature combined with other sugars to form disaccharides or polysaccharides, for example combined to glucose, lactose is formed.

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Gabriele Lombardi:What is glucose? And what mean dextrose?                                                       9) The glucose is a simple sugar l,a monosaccharides, is The most present sugar in The world and it perform many function in our body and in all living organism.

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Gabriele Lombardi:What is glucose? And what mean dextrose?                                                       9) The glucose is a simple sugar l,a monosaccharides, is The most present sugar in The world and it perform many function in our body and in all living organism.

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It containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose.
Glucose is initially synthetized by chlorophyll in plants using carbon dioxide from the air and sunlight as an energy suorce.
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(Sun) ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2
A dextrose glucose is possible to find in nature, because plants synthetize only series D saccharides.
Dextrose mean that glucose can rotates the polarized light to the right

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12. Leonardo Mosca         What are disaccharides? How are they chimically bonded and what is the name of the link? Which are the main disaccharides?

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12. Leonardo Mosca         What are disaccharides? How are they chimically bonded and what is the name of the link? Which are the main disaccharides?

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Disaccharide si the carbohydrates formed by two monosaccharides, the are joined by glycosidic bond it is a covalent bond.

The main disaccharides are:

Maltose;

Lactose;

Sucrose.

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13) DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF LACTOSE AND ITS LINK.

Lactose is formed from monosaccharides β -D- galactose and β -D- glucose . The anomeric carbon of the β -D-galactose molecule reacts with the C-4 hydroxyl group of the β -D-glucose molecule to form the glycosidic bond. The bond is designated a β (1→4) bond.

Peppucci Gianmarco

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15) What are polysaccharides?How are they chemically bonded?Wich are the main polysaccharides?

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15) What are polysaccharides?How are they chemically bonded?Wich are the main polysaccharides?

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Polysaccharide is a long-chain carbohydrate that is made up of monomer units called monosaccharides.
Monosaccharide units can be bonded as straight chain or can also form branch structure through covalent bonds.
The main polysaccharides are:
-Starch
-Glycogen
-Cellulose

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Reaction of glucose the C=O ofaldose or ketose monosaccharides can be reduced to C-OH by NaBH4 or H2/Ni the sugar alcohol is named by eding-itol to the root name of the sugar.

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18)Vincenzo Rinaldi - Descrive the oxidation of glucose:           

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18)Vincenzo Rinaldi - Descrive the oxidation of glucose:           

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Carbohydrates contain many alcohol groups as well as a carbonyl group and this implies that under the proper conditions, they can undergo oxidation reactions. Under mild oxidizing conditions, the aldehyde group of an acyclic sugar can be transformed into carboxylic acid to form a molecule called aldonic acid.

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Nicola Sacoccini                            19) How do you form an hemiacetale? 

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Nicola Sacoccini                            19) How do you form an hemiacetale? 

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Alcoolic group react with an aldeidic group to form an hemiacetal: in monosacharides, the  reaction occur each other this functional groups in question of the same molecula when this last is melted in water

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16) Descrive the structure of starch and the difference between amyloso and amylopectin.

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16) Descrive the structure of starch and the difference between amyloso and amylopectin.

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Starch is a digestible polysaccharide which can be easily digestible in the mouth and small intestine. The digestion of starch results the formation of glucose molecules which are instant source of energy.  There are two structural units in starch molecule; amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a linear polymeric chain of glucose units which are bonded through 1-4 glycosidic linkage. Amylopectin is another unit of starch molecule which is also a polymer of glucose molecules.

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How do you form an hemiacetale?

You can form a hemiacetal trough the reaction between the hydroxyl group of an alcohol and the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde.