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Rational
-make a right decision
-make decision by logical thinking

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Sumita
Rationality is important  during decision making to make other people trusted.For example the decision should be logic and objectivity. The decision will show how true we are.
Hanafi
According to the text, the dilemma in the foreign policy-making occurs due regard to the distinction of rationality of the leaderships. Some of the leader is making the decision in hurry and affecting the policy. So, the author argued that the leaders shall be fair even fairness is vary from their principles or their own rationality. Also, he argued that the foreign policy must be sensible (make sense). For instant, there are many dilemmas in foreign policy-making according to the author.

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The domestic policy will make by the heads of states. Different head of states have different culture background, beliefs and values. Therefore their opinions towards same things also will be different due to their background. Normally those head of state will make the policy based on their own view. This is difficult to determine which one is better.

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Implication: People tend to move towards the "status quo".
Zaiwafaa
Leaders tend to overlue certainty and "peace of mind" :
-Choices they made are more concerned with the potential losses that may result from a change than with potential gains
-Focusing on short term choices rather than lomg term ones.

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No one is confident their decision making is the best, because sometimes will occur unexpected consequences, and call it as externalities.

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- choosing a foreign policy based on the value that can maximum the benefit to the country
- sacrifice the minority group in the country

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Gains & losses
-people perceive alternative from the perspective of potential gains & losses
-those who face with gains are often risk averse, those who face losses are more risk seeking

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Implication of prospect theory
-If leaders take risks to initiate new FP directions, they will face difficulty to correct the proven mistakes.

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Prospect Theory

Each person has a different attitude towards the risks based on their different initial situation. When a people making a decision under an uncertain condition, they will make a comparison between the result and the prospect. They will interesting to know the difference between their expectation and the real result. That is to say, people will set a standard themselves and they will expect what they can get and how many they can get through this decisions they make. They will measure the outcome of each result. Therefore, they will know how much the different between the standard and the results.

For example, one person would expect a bonus of RM500 and he would feel nothing if his decision made him get a RM 500 bonus. If he has any ways or any idea can get more than RM 500 that he expected, most of the people will cautiously consider the risks of his idea, so as not to lose the return that he expected. On the contrary, even if he has another safer method, but his return will be RM100 less than he expected, most of the people would rather risk more to get a forecast return.

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Different country have different policy because they have different culture and background so they have different opinion on one thing

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Different country have different policy because they have different culture and background so they have different opinion on one thing

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Li zimu

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This is the flow of Rational Model Decision Making

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Leaders sometimes could meet incompatible demand in domestic growth and diplomacy and sometimes it is impossible to make rational decision to reach their goals. Critics agree that the two-level games relies too much on rationalism. It must alligned with constructivism.