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Weathering and Erosion by Lukas Schneider

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Weathering and Erosion by Lukas Schneider

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is the erosion force of water and weathering carries it away making a cave near the surface of the ground until it collapses.

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Photo courtesy Ocala Fire Rescue.

OCALA, Fla. (WFLA) - Fire rescue crews in Ocala were called to the scene of a sinkhole that swallowed a car this weekend.

On Saturday evening, Ocala Fire Rescue was called to State Road 200 for the sinkhole near Gaitway Plaza.

Pictures posted to the Ocala Fire Rescue Facebook page show the car's front end tipped into the sinkhole with the back end sticking out.

Crews also responded to a gas leak at the scene. The gas line was later secured.

No injuries were reported.
STORIES OTHERS ARE CLICKING ON BACK TO TOP STORIES

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OCALA, Fla. (WFLA) - Fire rescue crews in Ocala were called to the scene of a sinkhole that swallowed a car this weekend. On Saturday evening, Ocala Fire Rescue was called to State Road 200 for the sinkhole near Gaitway Plaza.

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is the same a a meandering stream but then the water level drops of it gets cut off making an Ox-bow Lake.

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An Oxbow Lake encompasses the best of both worlds; rivers and lakes! Oxbow lakes are U-shaped bodies of water that are formed when a meander of a river is cut off and isolates the meander as a lake.

Young rivers generally start off fairly straight. As time goes on, they erode their stream banks forming meanders in the river. The older they get the more pronounced this meander becomes. In some circumstances, this meander becomes so severe that the bank is eroded away permanently and cuts the meander off, once again forming a straight path for the river. When this happens, an Oxbow Lake is formed.

A river with an extreme meander that will soon erode its bank and form an oxbow lake.
An aerial view of an Oxbow Lake next to the river it was cut from.

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Oxbow Lake - Acton Wakefield Watersheds Alliance

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An Oxbow Lake encompasses the best of both worlds; rivers and lakes! Oxbow lakes are U-shaped bodies of water that are formed when a meander of a river is cut off and isolates the meander as a lake. Young rivers generally start off fairly straight.

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is the weathering of the rock and it getting cared away by slow moving water and the sediments get deposited on one side and the other side gets eroded away.

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Airphoto - Aerial Photograph of Meandering Stream, Clay County, Texas (15149)

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Aerial photograph of Photo by John Wark. (15149)

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is the erosion of flowing water caring away the sediments creating a V-shaped valley.

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We all have a general understanding what valleys are because they are so common landforms. They start forming wherever there is a downward surface irregularity which attracts running water (in most cases). Valleys tend to be exceptionally durable landforms - once they form, they tend to grow and grow.

U-shaped valley has been typically carved by a glacier. Photo taken in Scotland.

But not every hole is a valley. Valleys are long and they are sloping in one direction. There is typically river or stream running in the bottom of the valley but not always, some valleys are dry. Geologists often talk about U-shaped and V-shaped valleys. U-shaped valleys are typically carved by a glacier. Such landforms are very common in previously glaciated mountainous areas. V-shaped valleys are even more common because they are usually eroded by running water. This is not an exhaustive classification. There are more valley types. Tectonic valleys, for example, are formed by entirely different forces.

V-shaped valley has been typically eroded by running water. Photo taken in Scotland.

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We all have a general understanding what valleys are because they are so common landforms. They start forming wherever there is a downward surface irregularity which attracts running water (in most cases). Valleys tend to be exceptionally durable landforms - once they form, they tend to grow and grow.

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is physical weathering of freeze thaw to break rocks apart and create a talus slope.

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is erosion by water to creat the arch and weathering it what breaks down the rock to be carried away by the water.

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Arches National Park Photos, Utah stock photos

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Professional stock photos of Arches National Park, Utah. Photos by Ron Niebrugge

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is physical erosion of water wind or ice caring away pieces of sediments. And mechanical weathering breaks apart the minerals to be carried away.

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Country: AustraliaThe
Region: Western Australia
Outdoor Activity: Hiking
Duration: one to three hours
Sustainable tourism rating: Pinnacles Desert (Nambung National Park), 200 km north of Perth, will surprise you with its unique geological formations.

Indeed, these rocky peaks that seem to grow in the desert are unique. Geologists have issued several hypotheses to explain the formation of these rocks in the desert. The most widespread is that a forest grew there several hundreds of thousands of years ago. These rocks were the result of the burned trees.Aboriginal legends are much more legendary. They tell that it was forbidden for young men to venture into the desert and that these rocks are the bodies of those who have defied the ban and who never returned alive to their families.You can contemplate all this rock formations and take beautiful picturesforbidden to sleep in the park).A few minutes from the park entrance, you can enjoy a swim and picnic spot atYou can also dive into the clear waters ofWith a little luck, you may even see dolphins or seals.The park entrance is $ 12 (or free if you purchased the WA Parks Pass for unlimited access in all state parks for 1 year).- Unique landscape not far from the sea with many outdoor activities to discover the surroundings.- Nature Activity 200km from Perth.- We advise you to avoid the desert during the hottest hours because it is not always fun to count the number of flies that are around you...you won`t have enough fingers to count them.

- The site is busiest on weekends because many families come from Perth just for the day

Nowadays, you can go without no worry, just bring enough water with you and the desert is yours to discover. You can choose between a walking trail 1.2 km or a loop of 4 km by car (no need to have a four wheel drive, a normal vehicle is good enough). You can also choose to walk if you are a real Sportrotter ! We advise you to get away from the tourist crowd and let you carried away by the desert`s mysteries to enjoy this place (do not venture very far alone .. otherwise take a compass).

We recommend you to visit this park at different moments of the day because the colors will be different. We prefer the sunrise and the sunset (remember to book your accommodation in advance if you want to sleep there because it is
Hangover Bay. Jurian Bay Marine Park and discover the local fauna

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The Pinnacles Western Australia - Surf on a leaf (english version)

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Country: AustraliaThe Region: Western AustraliaOutdoor Activity: HikingDuration: one to three hoursSustainable tourism rating: Pinnacles Desert (Nambung National Park), 200 km north of Perth, will surprise you with its unique geological formations. Indeed, these rocky peaks that seem to grow in the desert are unique.

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is wind blowing by the rock causing the rock to very slowly grind away also acid and gravity helps create hoodoo

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That's the question for two Utah Boy Scout leaders who decided that a hoodoo-that's the name for a rock formation that looks like a column with a mushroom cap-needed to lose its top.

It seemed to them as if the cap were precariously balanced and could fall and hurt someone. So the guys toppled it. And made a video of their feat and posted it to YouTube. After being booted as Boy Scout leaders on Tuesday, the pair could face criminal charges for the incident at Goblin Valley State Park.

For insights into these rock formations-and whether they're indeed precarious-we turned to Marjorie Chan , a professor in the department of geology and geophysics at the University of Utah.
So what is a hoodoo?
A spire of rock that has an easily eroded column and a more resistant cap. Sometimes they look like mushrooms. They are kind of eerie, so they're called "hoodoos" and also have other names, from "fairy chimneys" to "goblins."
And what creates these freestanding columns?
It's a function of weathering and erosion in desert climates. Water from streams, runoff, and intense thunderstorms wear down the rock, especially along joints and cracks in the formation. Wind is the fine sculptor that does a lot of the smoothing and finishing.

There are two different things when we talk about the age of these features. Number one is the basic rock: When was it deposited? About 170 million years ago, a tongue of the ocean came down from the north; sand and mud were deposited near an ancient shoreline. They were buried and turned into the Entrada Sandstone formation. So that's the age of the unit itself-when it was laid down.

But the formation of the hoodoos, these erosional remnants, is much younger. That age is not really clear and is very difficult to date. They're the result of a gradual process of erosion that began about 25 million years ago.

Hoodoos occur in many places, but Goblin Valley has a high concentration in a small area. To me, Goblin Valley is a magical place. It's a place I took my kids when they were young, one of the very few places where kids can crawl all over the rocks and play hide and seek, because these goblins are [scaled in a way] that kids love and can explore. I would be sad if, because of what happened, the parks don't allow as much free access.

Wind and weather does. There are clays [in the rocks] that shrink and swell. If we have a big thunderstorm, a flash flood, there's more water erosion. The rocks are constantly modified by the elements because the environment is dynamic.

People have been walking around the goblins for years. One of the things we don't know is the effect of foot traffic and people climbing on goblins.

I believe we need to do a better job of inventorying these goblins, to do a census and measurements, to evaluate how they change over time.

Some of them are precariously balanced. You have the softer rock underneath the more resistant sandstone cap, and [the softer rock] does tend to weather away. It's surprising that an accident hasn't happened before.

We don't know. It could have toppled over, but it could have lasted another hundred years or more.

The proper thing to do, if you see something that looks precarious, is to report it. Let the people in charge make the decisions about what to do.

The backlash he's experienced shows that people feel strongly about these extraordinary rock formations that are part of the park. And they feel that the rocks belong to everyone.

We need to be good stewards of this magical landscape. We should preserve it and enjoy it.

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After Utah Video Scandal, a Primer on Hoodoos

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That's the question for two Utah Boy Scout leaders who decided that a hoodoo-that's the name for a rock formation that looks like a column with a mushroom cap-needed to lose its top. It seemed to them as if the cap were precariously balanced and could fall and hurt someone.

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is weathering of the stone to smaller pieces like wind and water and natural forces and wind moving the sand to tall mounds called sand dunes.

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Hello guys - i want create Sand Dunes like in this Picture: I startet to create a simple Perlinnoise in a Point-Vop to Displacement geometry...

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Caverns and Cavern Features- Stalactites/Stag mites and other Drip stone Features

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Caverns and Cavern Features- Stalactites/Stag mites and other Drip stone Features

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is water getting limestone dissolved in it and the water caries it away to get deposited.

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Glacial Features- Arête, Horn, U-Shaped Valley, Cirque, Hanging Valley, Moraines

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Glacial Features- Arête, Horn, U-Shaped Valley, Cirque, Hanging Valley, Moraines

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is the erosion of ice or water carving out the ground and weathering caring the deposits away.

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Glacial Landforms - Erosional Landforms: Cirque/Corrie, Glacial Trough, Hanging Valley, Arete, Horn and D-Fjord; Depositional Landforms: Outwash Plain, Esker, Kame Terraces, Drumlin, Kettle Holes and Moraine.

A glacier is a moving mass of ice at speeds averaging few meters a day.

Types of Glaciers: continental glaciers, ice caps, piedmont glaciers and valley glaciers.

The continental glaciers are found in the Antarctica and in Greenland. The biggest continental ice sheet in

Ice caps are the covers of snow and ice on mountains from which the valley or mountain glaciers originate.

The piedmont glaciers form a continuous ice sheet at the base of mountains as in southern Alaska.

The valley glaciers, also known as Alpine glaciers, are found in higher regions of the Himalayas in our country and all such high mountain ranges of the world.

The largest of Indian glaciers occur in the Karakoram range, viz. Siachen (72 km), while Gangotri in Uttar Pradesh (Himalayas) is 25.5 km long.

A glacier is charged with rock debris which are used for erosional activity by moving ice.

A glacier during its lifetime creates various landforms which may be classified into erosional and depositional landforms.

Cirque/Corrie

Hollow basin cut into a mountain ridge.

It has steep sided slope on three sides, an open end on one side and a flat bottom.

When the ice melts, the cirque may develop into a tarn lake.

Glacial Trough

Original stream-cut valley, further modified by glacial action.

It is a 'U' Shaped Valley. It at mature stage of valley formation.

Since glacial mass is heavy and slow moving, erosional activity is uniform - horizontally as well as vertically.

A steep sided and flat bottomed valley results, which has a 'U' shaped profile.

Hanging Valley

Formed when smaller tributaries are unable to cut as deeply as bigger ones and remain 'hanging' at higher levels than the main valley as discordant tributaries.

A valley carved out by a small tributary glacier that joins with a valley carved out by a much larger glacier.

Steep-sided, sharp-tipped summit with the glacial activity cutting into it from two

Ridge that acquires a 'horn' shape when the glacial activity cuts it from more than two sides.

Steep-sided narrow entrance-like feature at the coast where the stream meets the coast.

Fjords are common in Norway, Greenland and New Zealand.

Outwash Plain

When the glacier reaches its lowest point and melts, it leaves behind a stratified deposition material, consisting of rock debris, clay, sand, gravel etc. This layered surface is called till plain or an outwash plain.

Winding ridge of un-assorted depositions of rock, gravel, clay etc. running along a glacier in a till plain.

The eskers resemble the features of an embankment and are often used for making roads.

Kame Terraces

Broken ridges or un-assorted depositions looking like hump in a till plain.

Inverted boat-shaped deposition in a till plain caused by deposition.

Kettle Holes

Formed when the deposited material in a till plain gets depressed locally and forms a basin.

General term applied to rock fragments, gravel, sand, etc. carried by a glacier.

Depending on its position, the moraine can be ground moraine and end moraine.

The stage is marked by the inward cutting activity of ice in a cirque.

Aretes and horns are emerging. The hanging valleys are not prominent at this stage.

Hanging valleys start emerging. The opposite cirques come closer and the glacial trough acquires a stepped profile which is regular and graded.

Emergence of a 'U'-shaped valley marks the beginning of old age.

An outwash plain with features such as eskers, kame terraces, drumlins, kettle holes etc. is a prominent development.

Ice and glacier coverage at lower altitudes in cold climates is more important than collision of tectonic plates. [Glacial erosion is very strong because of huge boulders of rocks carried by the glacial ice that graze the surface. Though ice moves only few meters a day, it can take along it huge rocks that can peal the outer layers.]

Scientists have solved the mystery of why the world's highest mountains sit near the equator.

Colder climates are better at eroding peaks. In colder climates, the snowline on mountains starts lower down, and erosion takes place at lower altitudes.

In general, mountains only rise to around 1,500m above their snow lines, so it is the altitude of these lines - which depends on climate and latitude - which ultimately decides their height.

At low latitudes, the atmosphere is warm and the snowline is high. Around the equator, the snowline is about 5,500m at its highest so mountains get up to 7,000m.

There are a few exceptions [that are higher], such as Everest, but extremely few.

When you then go to Canada or Chile, the snowline altitude is around 1,000m, so the mountains are around 2.5km.

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Glacial Landforms - Erosional and Depositional | PMF IAS

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Table of Contents1 Landforms and Cycle of Erosion2 Glacial Landforms and Cycle of Erosion3 Glacial Erosional Landforms3.1 Cirque/Corrie3.2 Glacial Trough3.3 Hanging Valley3.4 Arete3.5 Horn3.6 D-Fjord4 Glacial Depositional Landforms4.1 Outwash Plain4.2 Esker4.3 Kame Terraces4.4 Drumlin4.5 Kettle Holes4.6 Moraine5 Glacial Cycle of Erosion5.1 Youth5.2 Maturity5.3 Old Age6 Why are world's highest mountains at the equator?

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Mass Wasting Events:  Creeps, Landslides, Flows, Slumps, Falls

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Mass Wasting Events:  Creeps, Landslides, Flows, Slumps, Falls

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The weathering and erosion forces that causes this is the weathering of minerals causing a buildup of stuff that will eventually fall of gravity.

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Types of Landslides and Associated Processes
Landslide is a general term used for a variety of landscape processes including slumps, rockfalls, avalanches, debris flows, mudflows, and lahars.

Selected landscape features associated with landslides.

A

Rockfall is the relatively free falling or precipitous movement of a newly detached segment of bedrock of any size from a cliff or very steep slope; it is most frequent in mountainous areas during spring when there is repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks of rock. Movement may be straight down or in a series of leaps and bounds down the slope; it is not guided by an underlying slip surface. Rockfalls are commonly associated with cliffs or escarpments. Over time, rockfalls will accumulate as talus (an accumulation of rock and soil that forms a rocky slope at the base of a cliff or escarpment).

An Creep is the slow, more or less continuous downslope movement of surface materials (rock and soil) under gravitational stresses. Creep occurs on many hillslope areas, but is particularly common in areas that experience seasonal freezing and thawing of the land's surface. Trees on a slow, creeping hillside tend to gradually realign themselves upward as the root stocks slowly rotate downhill over time. Although a perceptively slow landsliding process, creep is often responsible for the rupture of underground pipelines, the cracking of foundations, roads, and other infrastructure built on hillsides, particularly in regions with temperate climates (having warm summers and cold winters with highly fluctuating daily and seasonal temperature ranges).

A landslide complex is an extended area where multiple landslides are occurring and have occurred in the past. Parts of a landslide complex may be active whereas other parts may be dormant or stabilized (or extinct). Multiple landslide processes described above may be occurring throughout a landslide complex. Large landslide complexes develop over time in areas where landslide-prone conditions exist, typically on extended slopes, such as along a mountainous sea coast, along a mountain ridge flank, along a river vally, or along an extensive fault zone. avalanche is like a landslide or a rockfall except the majority of the material is snow and ice (along with soil, rock, and other debris). Avalaches sometimes reach velocities over 300 miles/hour (500 km/hour). Avalanches occur in high-mountain terrains that receive winter precipitation as snow.

A slump is the downward slipping of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material, moving as a unit, usually with backward rotation on a more or less horizontal axis parallel to a slope or cliff from which it descends. Slumps typically have a fault-like escarpment (or scarp) and fissures at their upper end. In a slump, the earth moves as a great block or series of blocks and moves along a basal glide plane (or multiple glide planes in complex slumps). The landscape at the toe of a slump is typically chaotic, displaying a lumpy structure, sometimes with transverse ridges, ponded areas, and in forested areas the trees may be leaning or fallen over from slump movement (the name deranged forest or drunken forest is used to describe forested areas affected by landslides). Slumps typically move quite slowly, measurable in inches to many feet in a year. Slumps can also fail rapidly, potentially contributing to an debris flow, earthflow, mudflow, or debris flood.

Debris flows are a type of landslide where a moving mass of rock fragments, soil, and mud with 70 to 90 percent of the material consisting of sediment (the rest is water and trapped gasses). Slow debris flows may only move a few feet per year, whereas rapid ones can reach speeds greater than 100 miles per hour. Debris flows typically consist of a mix of mud, sand, and typically contain rock fragments ranging in size from fine gravel to massive boulders. The general term earthflow is a type of landslide where material detaches from a hillside and moves downslope to form lobe-shaped accumulations at the base of the slope. If it contains a high percentage of fine material and flows with a high degree of fluidity it is called a mudflow. A debris flood is a typically disastrous flood, intermediate between the turbid flood of a mountain stream and a debris flow, ranging in sediment load between 40 to 70 percent. Debris flows and debris floods may travel long distances down canyons before spreading out across a valley floor where, often unfortunately, the land may be occupied by people and property, sometime causing significant death and destruction.

A lahar is a landslide (mudflow or debris flow) consisting of volcanic (pyroclastic) material, water, and possibly ice and other debris that discharges down the flank of a volcano. Lahars occur as a result of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or the gravitational collapse of volcano or summit glaciers. The word lahar applies both to the process or deposits formed after the landslide event.

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Landslide is a general term used for a variety of landscape processes including slumps, rockfalls, avalanches, debris flows, mudflows, and lahars. Selected landscape features associated with landslides.