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Mechanism of injury: acromioclavicular joint injury is a fall directly onto the acromion, with the arm adducted up against the body.

Signs/Symptoms:
-Pain at the moment the injury occurs.
-Limited movement in the shoulder area (because of pain, not weakness).
-Swelling and bruising.
-Tenderness over the AC joint on top of the shoulder.
-Possible deformity.

Treatment:
-Ice is an important treatment for most acute soft-tissue injuries.
-Frequently, a sling is needed and helpful for the first few days after an injury. This helps to support the weight of the arm and to restrict motion. A doctor may advise some motion exercises such as stretching and light weight-bearing within a few days once the immediate pain has stopped.
-Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications may be advised, either over the counter or by prescription.
-Physical therapy may be required, particularly once the immediate pain has stopped within a few days. The decision to prescribe rehabilitation therapy often is made during a follow-up visit.
-Complete ligament rupture at the AC joint may require surgical repair. The surgery can be done with an open incision or arthroscopically (with a small camera and small incisions).

Prevention:Prevention of shoulder separation involves wearing proper protective equipment when participating in sports, making sure shoulder muscles are well-conditioned and strong, and preventing falls. If any activity causes shoulder pain, stop and see a doctor before the condition gets worse. If there is a pre-existing shoulder injury, do rehabilitation exercises and allow the injury to heal completely.

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Medial Epicondylitis (Little Leaguer's Elbow)

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Medial Epicondylitis (Little Leaguer's Elbow)

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Mechanism of Injury: stress to the growth plate on the inside of the elbow and overuse.

Signs/Symptoms:
-Swelling
-Stiffness
-Pain on the medial side of arm
-Becomes aggravated easily

Treatment:
-Apply ice packs to bring down any swelling
-Utilize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)

Prevention:
-stretching, running, easy and gradual throwing)
-Rotate positions while on the field
-Concentrate on age-appropriate pitching
-Adhere to pitching count guidelines
-Avoid pitching on multiple teams with overlapping seasons
-In the event of elbow pain, do not pitch
-Communicate regularly about how your arm feels
-Emphasize control, accuracy, and good mechanics

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Mechanism of Injury: persistent overuse of the muscles that attach to the lateral epicondyle, age.

Signs/Symptoms: general pain/soreness on the outside of the elbow, sometimes minor swelling

Treatment: Rest, ice, surgery as a last resort

Prevention: proper conditioning of the elbow, don't work too hard too fast

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Mechanism of Injury: falling on an outstretched arm.

Signs/Symptoms: swelling, pain, joint laxity, deformity

Treatment: surgery, rest, ice, compression, medicine to reduce pain and swelling, physical therapy

Prevention: proper strenth and conditioning of the shoulder area, joint capsule, and surrounding muscles.

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Mechanism of Injury: aging, repeated motion, falling on on outstretched hand, overhead lifting

Signs/Symptoms: swelling, pain, loss of function

Treatment: Rest, ice, a medicine to reduce swelling, can sometimes need surgery

Prevention: proper strength and conditioning of the joint capsule and surrounding muscles

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Mechanism of injury: sports where there is repetitive movement involving lifting your arms. (Swimming, throwing, tennis, lifting weights)

Signs and symptoms: stiffness in the shoulder, pain that is hard to identify where at first, but then focuses over time.

Treatment: rebuild range of motion through various exercises, strengthening shoulder muscles to stableize the scapula.

Prevention: Strenthening and conditioning of the muscles around the glenohumeral joint.

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Mechanism of Injury: Interphalangeal (IP) joint dislocations of the fingers and toes are common. Typically associated with forced hyperextension or hyperflexion of the digit, they require immediate reduction.

Signs/Symptoms:
-Pain in joint
-Swelling
-Bruising
-Disfigured joint
-Loss of joint function

Treatment:
-Splints
-Reduction

Prevention: Prevent being injured again by using a protective splint, taping it to another finger or, in some cases, using a cast.

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Mechanism of injury: Clavicle fractures are most often caused by a direct blow to the shoulder. This can happen during a fall onto the shoulder or a car collision. A fall onto an outstretched arm can also cause a clavicle fracture. In a baby, a clavicle fracture can occur during the passage through the birth canal.

Signs/Symptoms:
-Sagging of the shoulder downward and forward
-Inability to lift the arm because of pain
-A grinding sensation when you try to raise the arm
-A deformity or "bump" over the break
-Bruising, swelling, and/or tenderness over the collarbone

Treatment:
-Arm support. A simple arm sling is usually used for comfort immediately after the break and to keep your arm and shoulder in position while the injury heals.
-Medication. Pain medication, including acetaminophen, can help relieve pain as the fracture heals.
-Physical therapy. Although there will be some pain, it is important to maintain arm motion to prevent stiffness. Often, patients will begin doing exercises for elbow motion immediately after the injury.
-Surgery

Prevention: Because they happen suddenly or unexpectedly, Clavicle Fracture can be hard to prevent.
- Protective Gear.
- Calcium rich diet.
-Take steps to prevent falls.