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Just like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on civil rights once he was in office. He won the support of the NAACP’s black intellectuals and white liberals with his promise to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching

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The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. This amendment won final ratification in August 1920-72.

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During this time the nation needed a way to strengthen the ways in which banks were run. Wilsons solution was to establish a decentralized private banking system under federal control. The Federal Reserve System was one of Wilsons most enduring achievements this system is still used today.

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The 16th amendment legalized a graduated federal income tax which provided revenue by taxing individual earnings and corporate profits. Under this, larger incomes were taxed at a higher rate than smaller incomes

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The Underwood Tariff would reduce tariff rates for the first time since the Civil War. Wilson summoned congress to a special session to plead his case.

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The Federal Trade act was the second antitrust measure this was given the power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statues, to require periodic reports from corporations and as well as to put and end to a number of unfair business practices.

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The clayton anitrust act sought to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. The Clayton act prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly.

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Loss in the Election of 1912 against Wilson and Roosevelt 

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Loss in the Election of 1912 against Wilson and Roosevelt 

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In the election of 1912 Wilson obtained only 42% of the popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a democratic majority in congress. Roosevelt defeated Taft in both the popular and electoral votes but reform claimed the real victory with more than 75% of the vote going to the reform candidates

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By the elections of 1910 the Republican Party was crumbling, the progressives were on one side and the “old guard” on another. The Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives when the Republicans lost the election.

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Joe Cannon was a house speaker from Illinois, as chairman of the House Rules Committee Cannon often weakened or ignored progressive bills. Reform-minded Republicans made the decision to strip Cannon of his power.

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When Pinchot added his voice in congressional testimony, he accused Ballinger of letting commercial interests exploit the natural resources that rightfully belonged to the public, president Taft agreed with Ballinger and he fired Pinchot.

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A compromise that only moderated the high rates of the Aldrich Bill. This made progressives who believed Taft had abandoned progressivism angry.

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Civil Rights-Washington vs DuBois- NAACP 

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Civil Rights-Washington vs DuBois- NAACP 

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Washington faced opposition from WEB DuBois for blaming black poverty on blacks and for his accomodation of segregationists. In 1905 DuBois and other advocates held a civil rights conference in Niagara Falls and in 1909 they founded the NAACP. They aimed for nothing less than full equality among the races

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Conservation of Natural Resources and Land 

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Conservation of Natural Resources and Land 

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The federal government paid very little attention to the nations natural resources before Roosevelt’s presidency, In 1903 John Muir persuaded the president to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves. Both Roosevelt and Pinchot were conservationists which to them meant that some wilderness areas would be preserved while other areas would be used for good.

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Meat Inspection Act/Pure Food and Drug Act 

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Meat Inspection Act/Pure Food and Drug Act 

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After Roosevelt read “the jungle“ by Upton Sinclair he pushed for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act. In 1906 the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed this stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

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140,000 coal miners went on strike in Pennsylvania and demanded a 20% raise, a nine hour work day and the right to organize a union. This resulted in the miners winning a 10% pay hike and a shorter, nine hour work day

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Government activities which are aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts

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The various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration