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Afrikassa on tapahtunut öljyonnettomuuksia.
Öljyntuotanto on aiheuttanut ympäristötuhoja

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Välillä sadekausi on pidempi, minkä vuoksi saadaan suuret viljasadot ja alue pystyy elättämään paljon ihmisiä. Joinakin vuosina taas sateet ovat niukkoja, jolloin satomenetykset ja nälänhätä ovat yleisiä.

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Japanin kehittyneistä hälytysjärjestelmistä ja uusimmista rakennustekniikoista huolimatta luonnonvoimat voivat aiheuttaa alueella vakavaa tuhoa.

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Itä- Aasia on maantieteellinen alue Aasiassa, johon Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien aluejaottelun mukaan kuuluvat Etelä-Korea, Japani, Kiinan kansantasavalta (mukaan lukien Hongkong ja Macao), Kiinan tasavalta (Taiwan), Mongolia ja Pohjois-Korea. Vanha nimitys on ollut Kaukoitä.

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Afrikka kattaa viidenneksen planeettamme maapinta-alasta, joten sinne mahtuu aika lailla ongelmia. Afrikassa asuu 16 prosenttia maailman väestöstä.

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Kasvavien kaupunkien ilmansaasteet ja smog-ilmiöt ylittävät uutiskynnyksen monesti vuoden aikana.

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-Päiväntasaajan seudulla voimakkaat myskyt ja rajut ukkoskuurot
-Hautavajoamissa maajäristykset ja vulkanismi

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"Tämä on aivan liikaa maallemme."

New York Timesin haastatteleman parikymppisen opiskelijan Mohamed Koroman sanoihin on helppo yhtyä, kun näkee, minkälaisen tuhon ja jälleen uuden surun tämänviikkoiset rankkasateet ja liejuvyöry ovat Sierra Leonessa saaneet aikaan. Ainakin 400 ihmistä on kuollut ja 600 kadoksissa olevan mahdollisuudet selviytyä vaikuttavat heikoilta.

Koromalle ja monelle muulle pääkaupunki Freetownissa asuvalle tilanteen lohduttomuus tuo mieleen maata äskettäin kohdanneen katastrofin.

"Tämä on kuin ebolan aikaan", hän sanoi New York Timesille.

MAINOS (TEKSTI JATKUU ALLA)

Vuonna 2014 ebola tappoi Sierra Leonessa yli 3 900 ihmistä. Lopullisesti sen todettiin päässeen epidemiasta eroon vasta maaliskuussa 2016.

Ebolan iskiessä maa oli toipumassa pitkästä ja vaikeasta sisällissodasta.

Uutistoimisto AFP:n mukaan kodittomaksi on jäänyt kolmisen tuhatta ihmistä, mutta todellista lukumäärää on tässä vaiheessa vaikea sanoa. Mudan mukana pois pyyhkiytyneen asuinalueen taloista iso osa oli laittomasti rakennettuja.

Luonnonkatastrofin synnyttivät viikonloppuna alkaneet rankkasateet. Ne saivat maanantaina maa-aineksen liikkeelle muun muassa Freetownin eteläpuolisella Regentin alueella. Regent sijaitsee korkean kukkulan rinteessä.

Suuri osa ihmisistä kuoli sortuviin rakennuksiin ja niiden päälle vieriviin kivenjärkäleisiin.

Freetownin kadut tulvivat vielä keskiviikkona valtoimenaan. Pelastustyöntekijät nostelivat liejun ja rojun seasta ylös ruumiita.

"Ruumiita huuhtoutui virran mukana... Niin monet ihmiset vain itkivät ja vaikeroivat", kertoi yhdysvaltalainen avustustyöntekijä Idalia Amaya uutistoimisto Reutersille.

Ruumishuoneet olivat jo tiistaina niin täynnä, ettei kaikkia ruumita voitu ottaa vastaan. Reutersin mukaan suurin osa uhreista on lapsia ja naisia. Miehet olivat ehtineet aamulla lähteä töihin.

"Ihmiset kaivavat uhreja ylös kellon ympäri, tukevat toisiaan ja yrittävät pärjätä. En voi kuin ihmetellä sierraleonelaisten sitkeyttä", Amaya sanoi Reutersille.

Freetownia kohdannut mutavyöry on koko Afrikan mantereen tuhoisimpia vuosikymmeniin. Mutaisen rinteen kaivaminen on vaikeaa ja hidasta.

"Tämä on kilpailua aikaa vastaan. Riskinä ovat uusi mutavyöry ja kulkutaudit", kommentoi paikallisen Punaisen Ristin työntekijä Abu Bakarr Tarawallie AFP:lle.

Osa veden ja mudan seasta löydetyistä vainajista on ollut löydettäessä niin runnoutuneita, ettei heitä pystytä tunnistamaan. Freetownin kaupungin viranomainen Sulaiman Zaino Parker kertoi AFP:lle kaupungin haudanneen tiistaina 150 tunnistamatonta vainajaa.

"Kaikille vainajille pidetään arvokas siunaustilaisuus sekä islamin että kristinuskon mukaisesti", Parker sanoi.

Sierra Leonen presidentti Ernest Bai Koroma on pyytänyt maalleen kansainvälistä apua. Maa kuuluu maailman köyhimpiin valtioihin.

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Ebola tappoi tuhansia ja nyt vyöryy lieju - Rutiköyhän Sierra Leonen pääkaupungin ruumishuoneista loppui tila

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"Tämä on aivan liikaa maallemme." New York Timesin haastatteleman parikymppisen opiskelijan Mohamed Koroman sanoihin on helppo yhtyä, kun näkee, minkälaisen tuhon ja jälleen uuden surun tämänviikkoiset rankkasateet ja liejuvyöry ovat Sierra Leonessa saaneet aikaan. Ainakin 400 ihmistä on kuollut ja 600 kadoksissa olevan mahdollisuudet selviytyä vaikuttavat heikoilta.

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Vähintään voimakkuuden 5,5 maanjäristykset Japanin ympärillä (1900–2016)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Earthquakes M5.5+ around Japan (1900-2016)
M7.0-7.9=163 EQs, M8.0+=14 EQs.[1]

This is a list of earthquakes in Japan with either a magnitude greater than or equal to 7.0 or which caused significant damage or casualties. As indicated below, magnitude is measured on the Richter magnitude scale ( ML) or the moment magnitude scale ( Mw), or the surface wave magnitude scale ( Ms) for very old earthquakes. The present list is not exhaustive, and furthermore reliable and precise magnitude data is scarce for earthquakes that occurred before the development of modern measuring instruments.

Although there is mention of an earthquake in Yamato in what is now Nara Prefecture on August 23, 416, the first earthquake to be reliably documented took place in Nara prefecture on May 28, 599 during the reign of Empress Suiko, destroying buildings throughout Yamato province.[2][3][4] Many historical records of Japanese earthquakes exist. The Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee was created in 1892 to conduct a systematic collation of the available historical data, published in 1899 as the Catalogue of Historical Data on Japanese Earthquakes.[4]

Following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee was superseded by the Earthquake Research Institute in 1925.[3] In modern times, the catalogues compiled by Tatsuo Usami are considered to provide the most authoritative source of information on historic earthquakes, with the 2003 edition detailing 486 that took place between 416 and 1888.[3]

In Japan, the Shindo scale is commonly used to measure earthquakes by seismic intensity instead of magnitude. This is similar to the Modified Mercalli intensity scale used in the United States or the Liedu scale used in China, meaning that the scale measures the intensity of an earthquake at a given location instead of measuring the energy an earthquake releases at its epicenter (its magnitude) as the Richter scale does.[5]

Unlike other seismic intensity scales, which normally have twelve levels of intensity, shindo (震度 , seismic intensity, literally "degree of shaking") as used by the Japan Meteorological Agency is a unit with ten levels, ranging from shindo zero, a very light tremor, to shindo seven, a severe earthquake.[5] Intermediate levels for earthquakes with shindo five and six are "weak" or "strong", according to the degree of destruction they cause. Earthquakes measured at shindo four and lower are considered to be weak to mild, while those measured at five and above can cause heavy damage to furniture, wall tiles, wooden houses, reinforced concrete buildings, roads, gas and water pipes.[5]

Date and time

Magnitude

Fatalities

Name of quake

Name in Kanji

Rōmaji name

Epicenter

Description

November 29, 684 ( proleptic Gregorian calendar)
November 26, 684 ( Julian calendar)

8.4 MK (Kawasumi scale)[6]

101-1,000
684 Hakuhō earthquake
白鳳南海地震
Hakuhou Nankai jishin
Various references estimate the quake's magnitude at 8.0 to 8.4, with damage being "severe". The dates of the quake have also been listed variously as October 14 (incorrect date) and November 24.[7] It was at this point in time that the Japanese confirmed the link between earthquakes and tsunamis, and began keeping detailed records of them. Their tsunami records are studied by geologists to this day.[citation needed ]

June 5, 745 (G)
June 1, 745 (J)

7.9 MK

occurred at Minoh

天平地震
Tenbyou jishin
Some references describe the quake as occurring on June 9[8]

July 13, 869 (G)
July 9, 869 (J)

8.9 MK

1,000+[9]
869 Jōgan earthquake
貞観地震
Jōgan jishin

May 27, 1293 (G)
May 20, 1293 (J)

7.1 Ms

23,024[11]
1293 Kamakura earthquake
鎌倉大地震
Kamakura Daijishin
The earthquake struck close to the city of Kamakura, Kanagawa and its magnitude has been estimated in the 7.1-7.5 range.[12] It possibly triggered a tsunami (though not all experts agree)[13][14] and the death toll has been reported as 23,024.[11]

August 3, 1361 (G)
July 26, 1361 (J)

8.4 Ms
1361 Shōhei earthquake
正平南海地震
Shōhei Nankai Jishin
Triggered a tsunami.[15][16]

September 20, 1498 (G)
September 11, 1498 (J)

8.6 MK

31,000[17]
1498 Meiō earthquake
明応地震
Meiō jishin
Occurred off the coast of Nankai, Japan, at about 08:00 local time on 20 September 1498. It had a magnitude estimated at 8.6[17] MS and triggered a large tsunami. The death toll associated with this event is uncertain, but 31,000 casualties were reported.[18]

January 18, 1586

7.9 MK
1586 Tenshō earthquake
天正大地震
Tenshō Daijishin
Some islands in Ise Bay reportedly disappeared.[19][20]

December 2, 1611

8.1

2,000+
1611 Sanriku earthquake
慶長三陸地震
Keichō Sanriku Jishin

June 16, 1662

7.25 - 7.6 M

700-900[24]
1662 Kanbun earthquake
寛文近江・若狭地震
kanbun Ōmi wakasa jishin
Lake Biwa south

October 30, 1662

7.9 M w

200
1662 Hyūga-nada earthquake
-

-

Offshore Kyushu

Major tsunami and seismis shaking damage.[26]

1667

8.5-9.0 M

unknown

1667 Kanbun Tokachi-oki earthquake

寛文十勝沖地震 (scientific)
kanbun Tokachi-oki jishin
Offshore Tokachi region

Inferred earthquake from tsunami deposits near Kushiro, Kuril Trench rupture. No record as the region was not yet under Japanese control.[27][28]

May 21, 1792

6.4 MK

15,448[32]
1792 Unzen landslide and tsunami[clarification needed ]
島原大変肥後迷惑

Changes to the Ariake Sea coastline, in the center of Mount Unzen, Kumamoto Prefecture (right) and the Amakusa Islands (see below) were affected by the tsunami

An earthquake caused by volcanic activity of Mount Unzen (in the Shimabara Peninsula Nagasaki, Japan). It killed 15,000 people altogether, due in large part to a tsunami that was triggered by the collapse of nearby Mount Mayuyama's southern flank into the bay. The incident is also referred to with the phrase ' Shimabara erupted, Higo affected' (島原大変肥後迷惑), as many people in Higo, ( Kumamoto, located 20 km (12 mi) away across the Ariake Sea) were also killed by the resulting tsunami, which then bounced back to hit Shimabara again.[32]

May 8, 1847

7.3 M

8,600+
1847 Zenkoji earthquake
善光寺地震
Zenkōji Jishin
Nagano Basin (then Shinano Province)

In the central area of Nagano, many buildings collapsed, including Zenkōji temple. The earthquake triggered a complex variety of resulting disasters, which included fires, landslides, and flooding due to the formation and subsequent collapse of a "dam" made of debris from the collapsed buildings. According to the confirmed official report, the death toll throughout the region reached at least 8,600. 21,000 houses were damaged and 3,400 burned, and an additional 44,000 homes were damaged by the landslides in the area.

April 9, 1858

7.0

200-300
1858 Hietsu earthquake
飛越地震
Hietsu Jishin
Atotsugawa Fault

February 22, 1880

5.5-6.0

0

1880 Yokohama earthquake

横浜地震
Yokohama Jishin
Yokohama City

July 28, 1889

6.3

20
1889 Kumamoto earthquake
熊本地震
Kumamoto Jishin
Tatsuda fault

First major earthquake after the establishment of the Seismological Society of Japan in 1880.

September 1, 1923

8.3 ML

142,800[39]
1923 Great Kantō earthquake
大正関東地震
(関東大震災)
Izu Ōshima

March 3, 1933

8.4 Mw[41]

3,000+
1933 Sanriku earthquake
昭和三陸地震
Shōwa Sanriku Jishin
290 km (180 mi) east of the city of Kamaishi, Iwate

Kamaishi Bay, Iwate after 1933 earthquake and tsunami

June 28, 1948

7.1 Mw

3,769
1948 Fukui earthquake
福井地震
Fukui Jishin
near Maruoka, Fukui

August 19, 1961

7.0

8

1961 North Mino earthquake

北美濃地震
Kitamino Jishin
One of the earthquakes that the Japan Meteorological Agency named for the.[46] 8 people dead.[47]

April 1, 1968

7.5 Mw

0
1968 Hyūga-nada earthquake
1968年日向灘地震
Sen-kyūhyaku-rokujūhachi-nen Hyūga-nada Jishin
Hyūga-nada Sea

[49]

December 17, 1987

6.7 Mw

2

1987 Chiba earthquake

千葉県東方沖地震

Chiba Toho-oki jishin

2 people killed and 146 injured.[54]

January 15, 1993

7.6 M w

2

1993 Kushiro-Oki earthquake

釧路沖地震

Kushiro-Oki Jishin

January 17, 1995

7.3 Mj

6,434
Great Hanshin earthquake
兵庫県南部地震
(阪神・淡路大震災)

northern end of Awaji Island

Damage in Kobe

An earthquake in Japan that occurred on Tuesday January 17, 1995 at 05:46 JST in the southern part of Hyōgo Prefecture. It measured 6.8 on the Moment magnitude scale ( USGS),[56] and Mj7.3 on the revised (7.2 on the old) JMA magnitude scale.[57] The tremors lasted for approximately 20 seconds. The hypocenter of the earthquake was located 16 km (9.9 mi) beneath its epicenter,[57] on the northern end of Awaji Island, 20 km (12 mi) away from the city of Kobe.

May 4, 1998

7.5 Mw

0

1998 Ryukyu Islands earthquake

石垣島南方沖地震
Ishigakijima nanpō-oki jishin
The epicentre was in the Philippine Sea, far off the coast (260 km from Ishigaki Island, Japan, 400 km from Basco, Philippines, and 425 km from Hualien, Taiwan).[58]

February 26, 2010

7.0 Mw

1

Ryūkyū Islands earthquake

沖縄本島近海地震
Okinawa-hontō-kinkai Jishin
[68]

December 21, 2010

7.4 Mw

0

Bonin Islands earthquake

父島近海地震
Chichijima-kinkai Jishin
[69]

March 9, 2011

7.2 Mw

0

2011 Tōhoku earthquake foreshock

東北地方太平洋沖地震( Foreshock)
(東日本大震災)

[70]

March 11, 2011
05:46:23 UTC
(14:46 JST)

9.1 Mw

19,759 deaths,[71] (2,553 people missing[72])

2011 Tōhoku earthquake
東北地方太平洋沖地震
(東日本大震災)

Damage in Sendai

This megathrust earthquake's hypocenter was reported to be off the Oshika Peninsula, the east coast of Tōhoku[73] It was the strongest to hit Japan and one of the top five largest earthquakes in the world since seismological record-keeping began.[74][75][76] It was followed by a tsunami with waves of up to 40 m (130 ft) along the Sanriku coast.[77] The disaster left thousands dead and inflicted extensive material damage to buildings and infrastructure that led to significant accidents at four major nuclear power stations.

March 11, 2011
06:25:50 UTC

7.1 Mw

0

2011 Tōhoku earthquake aftershock

東北地方太平洋沖地震( Aftershock)
(東日本大震災)

6.8 Mw

0

Izu Islands, Japan

鳥島近海地震
Torishima-kinkai Jishin
242 km (150 miles) SW of Hachijo-jima, Izu Islands, Japan 365 km (226 miles) S of Hamamatsu, Honshu, Japan

7.1 Mw

0

Off the east coast of Honshu

福島県沖地震
Fukushima-ken oki jishin
[82]

November 22, 2014

22:08:18 JST

6.2 Mw

6.7 MJMA

2014 Nagano earthquake

長野県地震

Nagano-ken jishin

The earthquake injured 41 people and affected the entire Chubu region. The quake also generated many surface ruptures, mostly near Hakuba Village.[83][84]

June 18, 2018

07:58:35 JST

5.5 Mw

4

2018 Osaka earthquake

大阪府北部地震

Ōsaka-fu Hokubu Jishin

2 km NNW of Hirakata, Osaka[89]

September 6, 2018

03:07:59 JST

6.6 Mw

41

2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake

北海道胆振東部地震

Hokkaido Iburi Tōbu Jishin

27 km E of Tomakomai, Hokkaido, Japan[90]

May 5, 2023
14:42:04 JST

6.2 Mw

1

2023 Noto earthquake

奥能登地震

Notohanto-Oki jishin (Off the Noto Peninsula Earthquake)

49 km NE of Anamizu

January 1, 2024
16:10:09 JST

7.5 Mw

245 deaths (2 people missing)

2024 Noto earthquake

能登半島地震

Reiwa 6-nen Notohanto Jishin

42 km NE of Anamizu

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40. ^ "平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" [Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] (PDF). 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 [Fire and Disaster Management Agency]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-27. Page 31 of the PDF file.

41. ^ "平成23年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第162報）（令和4年3月8日）" [Press release no. 162 of the 2011 Tohuku earthquake] (PDF). 総務省消防庁災害対策本部 [Fire and Disaster Management Agency]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-27. Page 31 of the PDF file.

42. ^ "Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake". BBC News. 11 March 2011.

43. ^ Akahisa, Kitamura (12 May 2016). "Examination of the largest-possible tsunamis (Level 2) generated along the Nankai and Suruga troughs during the past 4000 years based on studies of tsunami deposits from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 3 (12): 12. Bibcode:2016PEPS....3...12K. doi:10.1186/s40645-016-0092-7. hdl:10297/9424. S2CID 130694321.

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List of earthquakes in Japan - Wikipedia

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of earthquakes in Japan with either a magnitude greater than or equal to 7.0 or which caused significant damage or casualties. As indicated below, magnitude is measured on the Richter magnitude scale ( ML ) or the moment magnitude scale ( Mw ), or the surface wave magnitude scale ( Ms ) for very old earthquakes.

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Asiantuntijoiden mukaan ilmekehässä tehtävä ydinkoe todistaisi Pohjois-Korean kyvyn iskeä Yhdysvaltoihin ydinaseella.

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Itä-Aasia sijaitsee Euraasien, Filippiinien ja Tyynenmeren mannerlaattojen törmäysvyöhykkeellä ja on erittäin altis seismisille ja vulkaanisille riskeille.

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Taifuunit, tulvat ja maanvieremät ovat tavallisia Itä-Aasian alueella.

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Itä-Aasian ongelmiin pyritään kehittämään ratkaisuja lisäämällä mm. uusiutuvien energialähteiden käyttöä.

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Itä-Aasiassa suuri väestömäärä ja elintason nousu aiheuttavat ympäristöongelmia ja muutoksia ekosysteemeissä.

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Mitä riskejä liittyy Afrikkaan ja Itä-Aasiaan? Etsi uutisia toteutuneista riskeistä.

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Länsi-Afrikan alueella tapahtuu, joka vuosi tulvia ja mutavyöryjä,  jotka aiheuttavat tuhojaan. Eroosio, aavikoituminen ja kuivuminen uhkaa Sahelin aluetta.

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Köyhyys, puhtaan veden puute ja ruuan puute, sekä huono hallinto ovat Afrikan riskejä.