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le futurisme est un mouvement qui a pour but de rejetter les representations esthetiques traditionelles pour les remplacer par la mise en avant des machines, de la vitesse
et du monde moderne

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le fauvisme a pour but principal de liberer l'utilisation des couleurs lors de la representation de l realite percue par l'artiste, de la meme maniere que l'impressionisme

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george braque dessine pour appolinaire une couverture pour son poeme "si je mourrais la bas" en effet, les deux avaient ete compagnons de tranches et braque illustra ce poeme destine a Lou, la bien aimee de appolinaire durant la guerre

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Georges Braque ( BRA(H)K , French: ; 13 May 1882 - 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism. Braque's work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame and notoriety of Picasso.

Georges Braque was born on 13 May 1882 in Argenteuil, Val-d'Oise. He grew up in Le Havre and trained to be a house painter and decorator like his father and grandfather. However, he also studied artistic painting during evenings at the École supérieure d'art et design Le Havre-Rouen, previously known as the École supérieure des Arts in Le Havre, from about 1897 to 1899. In Paris, he apprenticed with a decorator and was awarded his certificate in 1902. The next year, he attended the Académie Humbert, also in Paris, and painted there until 1904. It was here that he met Marie Laurencin and Francis Picabia.

Braque's earliest works were impressionistic, but after seeing the work exhibited by the artistic group known as the " Fauves" (Beasts) in 1905, he adopted a Fauvist style. The Fauves, a group that included Henri Matisse and André Derain among others, used brilliant colors to represent emotional response. Braque worked most closely with the artists Raoul Dufy and Othon Friesz, who shared Braque's hometown of Le Havre, to develop a somewhat more subdued Fauvist style. In 1906, Braque traveled with Friesz to L'Estaque, to Antwerp, and home to Le Havre to paint.

In May 1907, he successfully exhibited works of the Fauve style in the Salon des Indépendants. The same year, Braque's style began a slow evolution as he became influenced by Paul Cézanne who had died in 1906 and whose works were exhibited in Paris for the first time in a large-scale, museum-like retrospective in September 1907. The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon d'Automne greatly affected the avant-garde artists of Paris, resulting in the advent of Cubism.

Braque's paintings of 1908-1912 reflected his new interest in geometry and simultaneous perspective. He conducted an intense study of the effects of light and perspective and the technical means that painters use to represent these effects, seeming to question the most standard of artistic conventions. In his village scenes, for example, Braque frequently reduced an architectural structure to a geometric form approximating a cube, yet rendered its shading so that it looked both flat and three-dimensional by fragmenting the image. He showed this in the painting Houses at l'Estaque.

Beginning in 1909, Braque began to work closely with Pablo Picasso who had been developing a similar proto-Cubist style of painting. At the time, Pablo Picasso was influenced by Gauguin, Cézanne, African masks and Iberian sculpture while Braque was interested mainly in developing Cézanne's ideas of multiple perspectives. "A comparison of the works of Picasso and Braque during 1908 reveals that the effect of his encounter with Picasso was more to accelerate and intensify Braque's exploration of Cézanne's ideas, rather than to divert his thinking in any essential way." Braque's essential subject is the ordinary objects he has known practically forever. Picasso celebrates animation, while Braque celebrates contemplation. Thus, the invention of Cubism was a joint effort between Picasso and Braque, then residents of Montmartre, Paris. These artists were the style's main innovators. After meeting in October or November 1907, Braque and Picasso, in particular, began working on the development of Cubism in 1908. Both artists produced paintings of monochromatic color and complex patterns of faceted form, now termed Analytic Cubism.

A decisive time of its development occurred during the summer of 1911, when Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso painted side by side in Céret in the French Pyrenees, each artist producing paintings that are difficult-sometimes virtually impossible-to distinguish from those of the other. In 1912, they began to experiment with collage and Braque invented the papier collé technique.

On 14 November 1908, the French art critic Louis Vauxcelles, in his review of Georges Braque's exhibition at Kahnweiler's gallery called Braque a daring man who despises form, "reducing everything, places and a figures and houses, to geometric schemas, to cubes".

Vauxcelles, on 25 March 1909, used the terms "bizarreries cubiques" (cubic oddities) after seeing a painting by Braque at the Salon des Indépendants.

The term 'Cubism', first pronounced in 1911 with reference to artists exhibiting at the Salon des Indépendants, quickly gained wide use but Picasso and Braque did not adopt it initially. Art historian Ernst Gombrich described Cubism as "the most radical attempt to stamp out ambiguity and to enforce one reading of the picture-that of a man-made construction, a colored canvas." The Cubist style spread quickly throughout Paris and then Europe.

The two artists' productive collaboration continued and they worked closely together until the beginning of World War I in 1914, when Braque enlisted with the French Army. In May 1915, Braque received a severe head injury in battle at Carency and suffered temporary blindness. He was trepanned, and required a long period of recuperation.

The things that Picasso and I said to one another during those years will never be said again, and even if they were, no one would understand them anymore. It was like being roped together on a mountain.

Braque resumed painting in late 1916. Working alone, he began to moderate the harsh abstraction of cubism. He developed a more personal style characterized by brilliant color, textured surfaces, and-after his relocation to the Normandy seacoast-the reappearance of the human figure. He painted many still life subjects during this time, maintaining his emphasis on structure. One example of this is his 1943 work Blue Guitar, which hangs in the Allen Memorial Art Museum. During his recovery he became a close friend of the cubist artist Juan Gris.

He continued to work during the remainder of his life, producing a considerable number of paintings, graphics, and sculptures. Braque, along with Matisse, is credited for introducing Pablo Picasso to Fernand Mourlot, and most of the lithographs and book illustrations he himself created during the 1940s and '50s were produced at the Mourlot Studios. In 1962 Braque worked with master printmaker Aldo Crommelynck to create his series of etchings and aquatints titled L'Ordre des Oiseaux ( The Order of Birds), which was accompanied by the poet Saint-John Perse's text.

Braque died on 31 August 1963 in Paris. He is buried in the cemetery of the Church of St. Valery in Varengeville-sur-Mer, Normandy whose windows he designed. Braque's work is in most major museums throughout the world.

Braque believed that an artist experienced beauty "... in terms of volume, of line, of mass, of weight, and through that beauty [he] interpret[s] [his] subjective impression..." He described "objects shattered into fragments... [as] a way of getting closest to the object...Fragmentation helped me to establish space and movement in space". He adopted a monochromatic and neutral color palette in the belief that such a palette would emphasize the subject matter.

Although Braque began his career painting landscapes, during 1908 he, alongside Picasso, discovered the advantages of painting still lifes instead. Braque explained that he "... began to concentrate on still lifes, because in the still-life you have a tactile, I might almost say a manual space... This answered to the hankering I have always had to touch things and not merely see them... In tactile space you measure the distance separating you from the object, whereas in visual space you measure the distance separating things from each other. This is what led me, long ago, from landscape to still-life" A still life was also more accessible, in relation to perspective, than landscape, and permitted the artist to see the multiple perspectives of the object. Braque's early interest in still lifes revived during the 1930s.

During the period between the wars, Braque exhibited a freer, more relaxed style of Cubism, intensifying his color use and a looser rendering of objects. However, he still remained committed to the cubist method of simultaneous perspective and fragmentation. In contrast to Picasso, who continuously reinvented his style of painting, producing both representational and cubist images, and incorporating surrealist ideas into his work, Braque continued in the Cubist style, producing luminous, other-worldly still life and figure compositions. By the time of his death in 1963, he was regarded as one of the elder statesmen of the School of Paris, and of modern art.

On 20 May 2010, the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris reported the overnight theft of five paintings from its collection. The paintings taken were Le pigeon aux petits pois ( The Pigeon with the Peas) by Pablo Picasso, La Pastorale by Henri Matisse, L'Olivier Près de l'Estaque ( Olive Tree near Estaque) by Georges Braque, ( Woman with a Fan) by Amedeo Modigliani and Nature Morte aux Chandeliers ( Still Life with Chandeliers) by Fernand Léger and were valued at €100 million ( $123 million USD). A window had been smashed and CCTV footage showed a masked man taking the paintings. Authorities believe the thief acted alone. The man carefully removed the paintings from their frames, which he left behind.

Georges Braque, 1908, Plate and Fruit Dish, oil on canvas, 46 x 55 cm, private collection

Georges Braque, 1910, Portrait of a Woman, Female Figure ( Torso Ženy), oil on canvas, 91 x 61 cm, private collection

Clement, Russell T. (1994). Georges Braque: A Bio-bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29235-4

Orozco, Miguel (2018) "The Complete Prints of Georges Braque. Catalogue raisonné". Academia.edu

Fry, Edward F. (1966). "Cubism 1907-1908: An Early Eyewitness Account". Art Bulletin 48: 71-73.

Mullins, Edwin (1968). The Art of Georges Braque. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

Picasso, P., Rubin, W. S., & Fluegel, J. (1980). Pablo Picasso, a retrospective. New York: Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0-87070-528-8

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Georges Braque ( BRA(H)K , French: ; 13 May 1882 - 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism.

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appolinair ecrit en 1914 un texte vantant les merites du futurisme

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Guillaume Apollinaire, article Nos amis les futuristes publié dans la revue Les Soirées de Paris, février 1914

La nouvelle technique des mots en liberté sortie de Rimbaud, de Mallarmé, des symbolistes en général et du style télégraphique en particulier, a, grâce à Marinetti, une grande vogue en Italie; on voit même quelques poètes l'employer en France sous forme de simultanéités semblables aux chœurs qui figurent dans les livrets d'opéra.

Cette dernière façon de poétiser pourrait trouver son précurseur dans la personne de Jules Romains, qui, en 1909, fit répéter, en vue d'une récitation pendant une conférence des Indépendants, un poème intitulé L'Eglise. Il devait se réciter à quatre voix qui se répondaient, se mêlaient en d'authentiques simultanéités, irréalisables autrement que dans la récitation directe, ou sa reproduction par le moyen du phonographe.

Avant peu, les poètes pourront, au moyen des disques, lancer à travers le monde de véritables poèmes symphoniques. Grâces en soient rendues à l'inventeur du phonographe, Charles Cros, qui aura ainsi fourni au monde un moyen d'expression plus puissant, plus directe que la voix d'un homme imitée par l'écriture ou la typographie.

Grâces en soient rendues aux musiciens, grâces en soient rendues à Jules Romains qui tenta une symphonie récitée en faisant répéter son poème polyphonique L'Eglise, au mois d'avril 1908, par Mlles Jane Eyre et Maud Sterny, MM. Marcel Olin et Aulanier.

A la poésie horizontale que l'on n'abandonnera point pour cela, s'ajoutera une poésie verticale, ou polyphonique, dont on peut attendre des œuvres fortes et imprévues.

Les mots en liberté, eux, peuvent bouleverser les syntaxes, les rendre plus souples, plus brèves; ils peuvent généraliser l'emploi du style télégraphique. Mais quant à l'esprit même, au sens intime et moderne et sublime de la poésie, rien de changé, sinon qu'il y a plus de rapidité, plus de facettes descriptibles et décrites, mais tout de même éloignement de la nature, car les gens ne parlent point au moyen de mots en liberté. Les mots en liberté de Marinetti amènent un renouvellement de la description et à ce titre ils ont de l'importance, ils amènent également un retour offensif de la description et ainsi ils sont didactiques et antilyriques.

Certes, on s'en servira pour tout ce qui est didactique et descriptif, afin de peindre fortement et plus complètement qu'autrefois.

Et ainsi, s'ils apportent une liberté que le vers libre n'a pas donnée, ils ne remplacent pas la phrase, ni surtout le vers: rythmique ou cadencé, pair ou impair, pour l'expression directe.

Et pour renouveler l'inspiration, la rendre plus fraîche, plus vivante et plus orphique, je crois que le poète devra s'en rapporter à la nature, à la vie. S'il se bornait même, sans souci didactique, à noter le mystère qu'il voit ou qu'il entend, il s'habituerait à la vie même comme l'ont fait au dix-neuvième siècle les romanciers qui ont ainsi porté très haut leur art, et la décadence du roman est venue au moment même où les écrivains ont cessé d'observer la vérité extérieure qui est l'orphisme même de l'art.

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Guillaume Apollinaire : Nos amis les futuristes (février 1914)

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Guillaume Apollinaire, article Nos amis les futuristes publié dans la revue Les Soirées de Paris, février 1914 La nouvelle technique des mots en liberté sortie de Rimbaud, de Mallarmé, des symbolistes en général et du style télégraphique en particulier, a, grâce à Marinetti, une grande vogue en Italie; on voit même quelques poètes l'employer en France sous forme de simultanéités semblables aux chœurs qui figurent dans les livrets d'opéra.

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aussi appeller les fauves) est un courant de peinture du début du XXe siècle

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c'est un mouvement littéraire et artistique européen du début du XXe siècle