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People had little or no understanding of mental health. People with severe symptoms were forcibly confined and exposed to ineffective treatments. People with mild or moderate symptoms typically received NO HELP.

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Freud is the founder of what is called the 1st force of psychotherapy. Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight.

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B.F Skinner as well as many other modern theorist led to the emergence of the 2nd force. Behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions. Cognitive and behavioral treatment systems emphasize the influence of thoughts and actions on emotions. They use interventions that seek to minimize dysfunctional cognitions and behaviors while replacing them with more helpful and positive thoughts of actions.

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The 3rd force emerged. Existential-humanistic psychotherapy. Emphasizes the importance of emotions and sensations and of people taking charge of and finding meaning in their own lives.

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The 4th force, elements of the 1st,2nd, and 3rd treatment approaches are integrated into a comprehensive and holistic effort to understand people as best as possible. Knowing as much information of the  client will assist in which approach can be most beneficial. Knowing gender ,culture, age, race, sexual orientation will all play a role. Also becoming culturally competent and being open to multiple perspective. Networking. communication and collaboration our extremely crucial in counseling,  and in  the mental health profession.

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Seligman, L. , Reichenberg, L. W (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Systems, Strategies, and Skills. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.