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DEMOGRAPHIC OF REPUBLIC OF CUBA

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The phonetic variation is straightforward: phonological variation occurs where there is a difference in pronunciation, while phonetic variation occurs when there is no change in the meaning of sounds.

1. RHOTICITY

2. NO æ-TENSING

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1)PHONEMIC VARIATION

The phonetic variation is straightforward: phonological variation occurs where there is a difference in pronunciation, while phonetic variation occurs when there is no change in the meaning of sounds.

1. RHOTICITY

2. VOWEL MERGERS

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1. INTRODUCTION

2. BACKGROUND

3. SPEAKERS' PROFILE

4. DATA FINDINGS

5. REFLECTION & CONCLUSION

6. REFERENCE

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      INTRODUCTION

DEMOGRPAHIC OF REPUBLIC OF CUBA

DEMOGRAPHIC OF MID ATLANTIC (US)

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       BACKGROUND

HISTORY OF ENGLISH IN REPUBLIC OF CUBA

How did the English language spread in Republic of Cuba?

HISTORY OF ENGLISH IN
MID ATLANTIC (US)

How did the English language spread in Mid Atlantic (US)?

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    SPEAKER'S PROFILE

REPUBLIC OF CUBA

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

Details of the speaker

MID ATLANTIC (US)

Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

Details of the speaker

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the national flag of Cuba referred to as the
- Estrella Solitaria or
- the Lone Star flag.

Consists of:
- 5 stripes (3 blue & 2 white)
- a red triangle at the hoist.
- a single white star.

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Cuba’s national anthem is known by lots of name such as:
- “La Bayamesa”
- “El Himno de Bayamo”
- “The Bayamo Anthem"

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Cuban National Anthem - "La Bayamesa" (ES/EN)

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Gender: Female

Place of birth: Arlington Washington

Age: 19 (during the recording session)

Ethnicity: Caucasian

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Cuba is located in the Caribbean Sea.

Republic of Cuba is located in the North America continent.

Cuba is an island comprised of a mainland, one smaller island, and a few archipelagos.

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Gender: Male

Place of birth: Cienfuegos, Cuba

Occupation: Actor

Ethnicity: Cuban

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- The capital of Cuba is Havana.
- Havana has been the capital since 1592.

- Havana is the largest city in Cuba
-with over 2.1 million inhabitants,
- The only major city to have surpassed the 1million population milestone.
- Cuba's birth rate is one of the lowest in the Western Hemisphere at 9.88 births/1,000 population.

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- Cuban main language is Spanish
- Less than 10% speak English.
- Cuba offers a free education from cradle to grave (pre-school programs until doctorates).
-Education is mandatory through the 9th grade.
-Students can choose 3 years of a pre-university program or going to a vocational school.

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The flag of the United States goes by different names
- The Stars and Stripes;
- The Red, White, and Blue
- Old Glory
- The Star-Spangled Banner.
The flag of the United States features thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies.

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"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from the "Defence of Fort M'Henry", a poem written on September 14, 1814, by 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key.

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United States of America's National Anthem

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The Mid-Atlantic states make up a region of the United States that is located between the South Atlantic region and New England.

The definition of the Mid-Atlantic region varies, but generally includes the following states:

Delaware

Maryland

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania

Virginia

Washington, D.C.

West Virginia

The total area of the Mid-Atlantic states stretches across over 191,308 square miles. Based on population estimates from 2008, the total population of the region is over 57 million, with a population dentary of 300 people per square mile.

The largest individual city in the Mid-Atlantic is New York City, which is home to over 8.6 million people and is the largest city in the U.S. There are several other major metropolitan areas found throughout the Mid-Atlantic, including Pittsburgh, Syracuse, Richmond, and Rochester.

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How did the English language spread in Republic of Cuba?

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How did the English language spread in Republic of Cuba?

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How did the English language spread in Mid Atlantic (US)?

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How did the English language spread in Mid Atlantic (US)?

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

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IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive | free dialect and accent recordings for the performing arts

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Both as a courtesy and to comply with copyright law, please remember to credit IDEA for direct or indirect use of samples. IDEA is a free resource; please consider supporting us.

https://www.dialectsarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/washington5.mp3

BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

AGE: 19

DATE OF BIRTH (DD/MM/YYYY): 06/11/1997

PLACE OF BIRTH: Arlington, Washington

GENDER: female

ETHNICITY: Caucasian

OCCUPATION: student
EDUCATION:
At the time of this recording, the subject was working toward her bachelor's degree.
AREAS OF RESIDENCE OUTSIDE REPRESENTATIVE REGION FOR LONGER THAN SIX MONTHS:
She had been living in Ashland, Oregon, for a little less than two years at the time of this recording.
OTHER INFLUENCES ON SPEECH:
The subject had some singing lessons in high school.
The text used in our recordings of scripted speech can be found by clicking here.
RECORDED BY: Kris Danford

DATE OF RECORDING (DD/MM/YYYY): 29/05/2018

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF SCRIPTED SPEECH: N/A

TRANSCRIBED BY: N/A

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A
ORTHOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPTION OF UNSCRIPTED SPEECH:
When I was 13, we had two Wire Fox Terriers named Keira and Calvin, named after Keira Knightley and Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes. And they were not the smartest dogs. Calvin used to slide into our glass door even when we put tape on it to keep him from doing that. And they would regularly eat anything that was on the floor of my childhood bedroom - so packs of gum or socks; uh, we found several of my dolls in the backyard. And, uh, once Calvin, the puppy, saw my dad burying mole poison in our yard and dug it back up and ate it and was very sick. But he survived, luckily. Um, they also loved pancakes. So we would cut up pancakes every Sunday morning and give them to them. We'd also put popcorn - pieces of popcorn - on our noses, and they would very gently come up and just kind of take it off the tip of our nose like little circus dogs. And, um, we couldn't really train them to do anything like sit or shake hands or anything - they more just were interested in, like, popcorn and socks, and, um, getting their head trapped in bags and stuff like that. [Subject laughs.] So not the smartest dogs, but they were very sweet.

TRANSCRIBED BY: Kris Danford

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): 30/05/2018

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF UNSCRIPTED SPEECH: N/A

TRANSCRIBED BY: N/A

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A

SCHOLARLY COMMENTARY: pending

COMMENTARY BY: Kris Danford

DATE OF COMMENTARY (DD/MM/YYYY): 30/05/2018

The archive provides:

Recordings of accent/dialect speakers from the region you select.

Text of the speakers' biographical details.

Scholarly commentary and analysis in some cases.

In most cases, an orthographic transcription of the speakers' unscripted speech. In a small number of cases, you will also find a narrow phonetic transcription of the sample (see Phonetic Transcriptions for a complete list). The recordings average four minutes in length and feature both the reading of one of two standard passages, and some unscripted speech. The two passages are Comma Gets a Cure (currently our standard passage) and The Rainbow Passage (used in our earliest recordings).

For instructional materials or coaching in the accents and dialects represented here, please go to Other Dialect Services.

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Washington 5 | IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive

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Both as a courtesy and to comply with copyright law, please remember to credit IDEA for direct or indirect use of samples. IDEA is a free resource; please consider supporting us. https://www.dialectsarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/washington5.mp3 BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION AGE: 19 DATE OF BIRTH (DD/MM/YYYY): 06/11/1997 PLACE OF BIRTH: Arlington, Washington GENDER: female ETHNICITY: Caucasian OCCUPATION: student EDUCATION: At the time of this recording, the subject was working toward her bachelor's degree.

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From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a wider range of European people than in New England or the South. The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River in New York and New Jersey, and for a time, New Sweden along the Delaware River in Delaware, divided the two great bulwarks of English settlement from each other. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics and Pennsylvania to Quakers and Anabaptist Pennsylvania Dutch. In time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities.

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Recording from International Dialects of English Archive (IDEA)

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IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive | free dialect and accent recordings for the performing arts

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Both as a courtesy and to comply with copyright law, please remember to credit IDEA for direct or indirect use of samples. IDEA is a free resource; please consider supporting us. And for a greater understanding of the International Phonetic Alphabet, which is used extensively on this site, please consult this free resource.

https://www.dialectsarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/cuba1.mp3
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
AGE: N/A

DATE OF BIRTH (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A

PLACE OF BIRTH: Cienfuegos, Cuba

GENDER: male

ETHNICITY: Cuban

OCCUPATION: actor

EDUCATION: high school/theater academy
AREA(S) OF RESIDENCE OUTSIDE REPRESENTATIVE REGION FOR LONGER THAN SIX MONTHS:
He moved to the United States in 1968.
OTHER INFLUENCES ON SPEECH:
Subject worked as an actor and in radio.
The text used in our recordings of scripted speech can be found by clicking here.
RECORDED BY: Michael Barnes

DATE OF RECORDING (DD/MM/YYYY): 02/2005
PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF SCRIPTED SPEECH:
wĕl | ˈhieɹ is ɛ ˈst̪oɾi foɾ ˈɟu ‖ ˈsaɾa ˌperi | was e ˈbet̪eɾɘ?naɾi ˌneɹ̩?ʷs | hu ˈhad̪̚ ˌbiŋ ˈɡwɚ̹ˌkiŋ ˈd̪eili | ʔa̰ɾ a̰n ˈol su | ʔin ɛ ðeˈse̹˞ˑt̪ed̪̚? ˈðist̪ɾit̪ ov ðe ˈt̪eriˌt̪oɾi ‖ soː ˌʧi was ˈveɾi ˈhapi | t̪w ə̆sˈt̪aɾt̪̚ e ˈnju ˈʒob̥ʰ | ʔaɾ e ˈsupɝ̹b̚ ˈpɾaiβət̪̚ ˈpɾak̚t̪is | in ˈnoɚs esˈkweɐ˞ˑ ˌnie˞ ðe ˈd̪juk̚ ˈst̪ɾik̚ ˈt̪aw̰ə̰̆ɾ̥ ‖ ˈd̪at̪̚ ˈʔaɾea | was ˈmɵʃ ˈnieɽəɾ̥ | fo˞ ˈheɚ̹ ʔa̰n ˈmoɹ t̪u heɹ ˈliŋ̆?kiŋ ‖ ˈiβən ˌsoṵ | oŋ heɹ ˈfə˞ˑst̪̚ ˈmoɚnɪŋ | ʧi ˈfelt̪̚ əsˈt̪ɹesd̪̥ ‖ ʒɪ ˈʔei ʔe ˈboʊl of ˈpor̆iʒ̊ | ˈʧek̚ hɚˈsɛlf | ʔin̪? d̪e ˈmir̆oɾ̥ | an ˈwaʃ?t̪̚ ˈhɹ̩ʷ ˈfeis ʔin e ˈhoɹ̝ḭ ‖ ˈd̪en̪ | ʧi ˈput̪ on ə ˈpleiɲ ˈʝelou ˈðɾes | ʔan e ˈflis ˈʝakə̰t̪ | ˈpik̚t̪ ˌɒp | hɚ ˈkitʰ ʔən ˈheðe foɾ? ˈwə?ɚ̰k ‖ wen ˈʧi ɡat̪ ˈd̪eɚ̰ː | ð̞e was ə ˈɣuman | wiθ e ˈɰuːs ˈweit̪iŋ foɹ ˈheɹ ‖ ð̞e ˈɣumaŋ | ˈɡeiɸ ˌsaɾa an oˈfiʃjal ˌleɾeɾ̥ | ˌfoɚːɱ d̪e ˈvet̪ ‖ ˈd̪e ˌlet̪eɚ ˈʔ?imˈpla̰ḭd̪ ̥| d̪at̪̚ d̪e ˈʔ?animəl kʊd̚ bɨ ˈsɔfeɾiŋ fɾon e ˈɹʷeːɹʷ ˈfõɚ̃ ʔof ˈ'fut̪ an ˈmaus ðiˈ'sis | wiʃ was soɾˈpɹ̻aisiŋ | bikoz ˈnoɾmali | ju wuð ˈʔoʊ?̃li esˈpek̚t̪ | t̪u ˈsi it̪̚ in ɛ ˈdɒɰ ʔoɾ ə ˈɡo̹ut̪ ‖ ˈsaɾa was sen̪t̪iˈmen̪t̪al | soʔ ˈd̪is ˌmei ˌheɹ ˈfɨə̆?l ˈsori ˌfo˞ɚ?̥ | ð̞e ˈbjut̪iful ˈbe˞ɚ̆d̺ ̥‖ biˈfoɐ̹˞ ˈloŋ | ˌðæˑt̪̚ ˈʔiʧi ɡus | biˈɰan t̪u esˈt̪ɾ?ɔt̪ aˈr̆aun̪ d̪e ˈofis | laik ɛ̆ luˈnat̪ik̚ | wiʃ ˈmei ʔæn ʔənˈsanɪt̪aɾi ˈmesd̥ ‖ d̪e ˈɡus ˈʔonĕɚʔ | ˈmeɾi ˈhaɾisən | ˈked̪̚ ˈkoliŋ ˈkoma ˈkoma ˈ'koma ˈko̰ma̰ | wiʃ ˈsaɾa ˈθɔˑt̪?̚ was an ˈod̪̚ ˈʧois foɾ ə̆ ˈneim ‖ ˈkoma | was əsˈt̪ɾoŋ an ˈhjuʃ | so iɡg wuð̞ ˌt̪ʰ?eik ˌsom ˈfo˞ˑs t̪u ˈt̪ɹap ˈhə̆ɹ | bŏt ˈsaɾa | haɾ e ˈd̪ifeɾeŋ aiˈd̪ia ‖ ˈfɝˑst̪̚ | ʤ̊ɪ ˈt̪ɾai ˈɟ͡ʝen̪t̪li | sˈt̪ɾoukin̪ d̪e ˈɡus ˈloʊ̆ɚ ˈbak ˈwis hɝ ˈpal ̃‖ ˈd̪eŋ | ˈsiŋɡiŋ ʔe ˈtʰun t̪u ˈhɝ̰?ˑ ‖ ˈfainali | ʃi ʔað̞miˈnisteɾ̥ ˈʔeð̞ḛɾ̥ ‖ he˞ ˈʔ?efo˞s wɛ˞ʔ ˈnot̪̚ fuˈt̪il | n̩ ˈno ˈt̪aim ð̞e ˈɡus biˈɰan̪ t̪u ˈt̪aɚˑ | soˑʔ ˈsaɾa was ˈɛiˌbɤɫ | t̪u ˈhol on̪t̪o ˈkoma | ʔaŋ ˈɡiv̥? he̹r̥ ʔĕ reˈlaksiŋm̆ ˈbaθ ‖ ˈwʌ̃n ˈsaɾa hað ˈmanəʒ̊° t̪u ˈbas̪ d̪e ˈɣus | ʤ̊i 'waip ˈhɝʔ ˈɑ̹v̥ʔ wɪθ e ˈkloʊð̥ ̆| ˌɛ̃l ̃ˈleid̪̚ ˈhɹ̩ˑ ʔõˑ heɹʷ ˈɹʷai ˈsaid̪ ̥‖ ˈd̪eŋ ˈsaɾa ˌkoɱˈfiɚ̃ d̪?ə ˈbeks d̪aiˈnosɘs ‖ ˈʔolmos iˈmið̞ja̰l̰ḭ | ʃi riˈmembɚ ɛn ˈəfɛk̚t̪if ˈt̪ɹiʔmẽʔ | d̪aʔ riˈkwaɹʷ ˈ'hɹ̩ʷ | t̪u ˈmeʒ̊oɹ ˈʔauʔ ə ˈlɑɾ ɑv̥ ˈmeɾ̪?isə̰̃ ‖ ˈsaɾa ˈwo˞ɹm | ðat̪̚ ˈd̪is ˈkɔɹs əf ˈtɹit̪̚meŋʔ mai ˈbi ə̆sˈpensif | ˈeðɚː | ˈfaːif oːɚː ˈsɪks ˈt̪aims | d̪e ˈkoʊs of ˈpeniˌsɘləŋ ‖ ai ˈkɛn̪t̪ʰ? iˈmaʝin ˈpeʝij̃ sŏ ˈmoʧ | bɐ̹t̪?̚ ˌmisɘs ˈhar̆isoŋ | e ˈmiljoˌneɹ ˈɹojɘ̹ɹ θɔt̪̚ | ʔi ˈɰ?wʌ̹s ʔe ˈfɝ̹ ˈpɹais foɾ e ˈkjuɾ̥
[Phoneme transcribed as [o] is not that closed.]

TRANSCRIBED BY: Santiago Rodriguez

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): 05/02/2008
ORTHOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPTION OF UNSCRIPTED SPEECH:
Uuuh, uhh, you mean where I grew?* up you mean my hometown?* San Fuegos, Cuba.* Oh,*I had a normal life.* I have * um, lovely parents,* one sister, * one * uh grandmother, * uncles, * aunt. I had a very happy childhood. Summertime, during my vacation, sometimes I used to go to a farm *and I spent the time there riding horses *and umm * and other week I used to come to the beach, because because I grew up in a beautiful bay * named San Fuegos* and and always in the summer we used to go to the beach;* not in the winter * never in the winter, only in the summer. * Then I finish* my high school. * That used to go by Chiarapo.* And then * I start my acting career * in a * place that they call "theatre studio" then I * get married after that, because I was frustrated because I couldn't...didn't get a good success in that theatre academy when my wife get pregnant we decided * that we couldn't have a a son or a girl * in a in Cuba *and we decided to fly, * to flee, to United States. We applied and we did everything that was required, * but they cut the flights * cause Pan-American used to fly there, * and because the October crisis and then I couldn't come. * And then uh * we have no job because when you apply to come to the United States * you lost your job because you have to resign. Had no job. My wife was pregnant. But I went to the * television * uh the studios and I require an audition and was given to me; because at that time they were making auditions * to get new talent; because most of the famous actors and actresses has flown to the Uni Unitestes State to the United States. And they they had to get new talent * and uh when they came in the audition * they following day I was called to work in a in a radio show. * And that's it. I start working in a radio show and then that was like a chain * and then I was starting in television and and then I spent four years * working um * and living from the show business * and then * came the freedom flight * and that was my opportunity to come to the United States, and that's it. * I came in March 26, 1968.
[* = vocal pause]

TRANSCRIBED BY: Eric F. Avery

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): 03/2005

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION OF UNSCRIPTED SPEECH: N/A

TRANSCRIBED BY: N/A

DATE OF TRANSCRIPTION (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A

SCHOLARLY COMMENTARY: N/A

COMMENTARY BY: N/A

DATE OF COMMENTARY (DD/MM/YYYY): N/A

The archive provides:

Recordings of accent/dialect speakers from the region you select.

Text of the speakers' biographical details.

Scholarly commentary and analysis in some cases.

In most cases, an orthographic transcription of the speakers' unscripted speech. In a small number of cases, you will also find a narrow phonetic transcription of the sample (see Phonetic Transcriptions for a complete list). The recordings average four minutes in length and feature both the reading of one of two standard passages, and some unscripted speech. The two passages are Comma Gets a Cure (currently our standard passage) and The Rainbow Passage (used in our earliest recordings).

For instructional materials or coaching in the accents and dialects represented here, please go to Other Dialect Services.

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Cuba 1 | IDEA: International Dialects of English Archive

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Both as a courtesy and to comply with copyright law, please remember to credit IDEA for direct or indirect use of samples. IDEA is a free resource; please consider supporting us. And for a greater understanding of the International Phonetic Alphabet, which is used extensively on this site, please consult this free resource.

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Mid-Atlantic English is the English variety that is growing fastest among European learners of English. This variety is neither British nor American, but a mix of those two varieties and according to Modiano (1996:135), this variety is the strongest candidate for being a new lingua franca. Mid-Atlantic English is accepted and easily understood on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and that could be the strongest reason for the increase of this variety as our new European international language (Modiano 1996:135). There is still a lack of unawareness when it comes to this variety, and not many people have heard about it. Nevertheless, according to Modiano (1996:135), a combination of the two major varieties of the language creates the best possible platform for second language speakers.

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International Phonetic Alphabet

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International Phonetic Alphabet

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Foreign languages are seen as a means of getting a wider perspective of the world by Cubans.  

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Foreign languages are seen as a means of getting a wider perspective of the world by Cubans.  

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(1662) - Africans were illegally taken to British-owned Caribbean colonies and sold as slaves to work on plantations.

(1784)- Anglo-Bahamian fled from US to the Caribbean after the Revolutionary War.

(1899)- English-language teaching officially began in 1899, after the first U.S. intervention in Cuba.

(1952)- There were 991 English teachers on the island.

Night schools, bilingual schools opened in Havana.

(1996)- The Cuban Ministry of Education focused English teaching and learning toward British English,

English became important as a means of international and scientific communication with the rest of the world.

English language teaching starts in the 3rd year of primary school - university education.

French, German, Italian, and Portuguese are the next most desired foreign languages.

Cubans prefer American English because they are part of North America,

Most of the English language media they are exposed to is in American English.

They are also interested in Canadian English, given the fact that Canadian tourists can more easily travel to Cuba than can tourists from the U.S.

The Cuban Ministry of Education, in cooperation with the British Council, has implemented the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) as the guideline for measuring learners' achievements in English

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Rhoticity

Rhotic accents are accents of English in which non-prevocalic /r/ is pronounced,

Since most Cuban spokes Spanish, they tend to have a rhotic accent when they are speaking english.

For instance:

Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory.

ˈseərə ˈpɛrɪ wɒz ə ˈvɛtərɪnəri nɜːs huː hæd biːn ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈdeɪli æt ən əʊld zuː ɪn ə dɪˈzɜːtɪd ˈdɪstrɪkt ɒv ðə ˈtɛrɪtəri.

When he says the word “veterinary”, he tends to put more duration and stress at the word “rinary” (ˈ rɪnəri). In the recording, we also can clearly hear the speaker puts stresses at the consonant “r” during  the “territory. ” (ˈtɛrɪtəri) part.

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Vowel Mergers

A merger is the opposite: where more phonemes merge & become indistinguishable. In English, this happens most often with vowels, although not exclusively.

The cot–caught merger is a phonemic merger that occurs in some varieties of English causing the vowel in words like cot, rock, and doll to be pronounced the same as the vowel in the words caught, talk, law, and small

The cot–caught merger or LOT–THOUGHT merger, formally known in linguistics as the low back merger, is a sound change present in some dialects of English where speakers do not distinguish the vowel sounds in "cot" and "caught"

For instance:

First she tried gently stroking the goose's lower back with her palm, then singing a tune to her. Finally, she administered ether.

 fɜːst, ʃiː traɪd ˈʤɛntli ˈstrəʊkɪŋ ðə ˈguːsɪz ˈlaʊə bæk wɪð hɜː pɑːm, ðɛn ˈsɪŋɪŋ ə tjuːn tuː hɜː. ˈfaɪnəli, ʃiː ədˈmɪnɪstəd ˈiːθə.

The words that our speaker was saying are

"back" (bæk)

"tune" (tjuːn)

"ether" (ˈiːθə)

but with vowel mergers appearance. listeners might hear these words as (below) and are unable to differentiate them.

bag (bæg)

toon (tuːn)

eater (ˈiːtə)

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2) LEXICAL VARIATION

The lexical sense of a word, also known as the proper definition, is the general use sense of the term. Words are categorised as either lexical or non-lexical.

Lexical terms are those that have their own meaning (for example, a noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A), adverb (Adv), or preposition (P) (P).

This is shown during the recording, by the number of terms used for 'jacket' in various parts of the world. In some parts of the world they called it "parka" or "coat".

A lexical differentiation is the use of another difficult language instead of another without changing the context of terms or phrases.

All languages evolve over time and differ depending on the location and social context.

For example,

replace the word 'district' with 'neighborhood'.

replace the word 'rare' with 'uncommon'.

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3)  PROSODIC VARIATION

Linguistic prosody has often been referred to as "voice music."

The acoustic correlates of prosody include the actual melody of speech (known as intonation), as well as the rhythmic patterns that are typical of a given linguistic variety, as well as its strength patterns.

Prosodic speech variations, apart from characterizing certain linguistic dialects or sociolects, also provide a variety of important linguistic functions.

For reference,

His intonation can surely enhance the listener understand the precise rhythm of his voice. However, because of his heavy rhotic accent, the speaker emphasises a few phrases with the consonant "r" in the expression.

He applies clear pitch to some vocabulary in his speech to highlight that they are essential parts from the script.

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Rhoticity is according to Merriam-Webster, is a branch in phonetics that is relating to, having, or being an accent or dialect in English in which an /r/ sound is retained before consonants and at the end of a word. In other words, rhoticity refers to whether or not the /r/ sound is emphasized. In the case of this speaker from Arlington Washingron, she is using a non-rhotic pronunciation, which means she is not emphasizing her /r/. Consider the following example:

She ate a bowl of porridge, checked herself in the mirror and washed her face in a hurry

ʃiː ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛkt hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrə ænd wɑʃt hɜː feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri

The words herself (hɜːˈsɛlf) and hurry (ˈhʌri) both have a /r/ sound that is not retained before a consonant in the selected part of transcription. In both sentences, the /r/ sound is not highlighted.
The next example is how the /r/ sound is not preserved at the end of a line, as in the word mirror (ˈmɪrə), where the last r letter is not strongly accentuated, and is being dropped.

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In the sociolinguistics of the English language, /æ/ raising or short-a raising is a phenomenon by which the "short a" vowel is pronounced with a raising of the tongue. Though most dialects of American English have the "trap" vowel tensed in closed syllables before nasals (and sometimes in other environments as well), the Mid-Atlantic accent has none. For example the speaker said:

I can't imagine paying so much

aɪ kɑːnt ɪˈmæʤɪn ˈpeɪɪŋ səʊ mʌʧ

Instead of saying can't [kʰɛən] with raising, the speaker said can't [kʰæn] without it.

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According to Encyclopedia Britannica, prosodic feature which is also called as suprasegmental is a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added to over consonants and vowels, also these features are not limited to single sounds but often extend over syllables, words or phrases.

A prosodic variation that is apparent within this particular variation is on how this speaker uses an impressive and professional tones when she is reading the script. Her tones can easily assist the  listener to get the idea on the exact flow of her speech. For example:

which made an unsanitary mess

wɪʧ meɪd ən ˌʌnˈsænɪtəri mɛs

It is manifested in the recording, how The speaker pronounce the word 'unsanitary' (ʌnˈsænɪtəri). we can hear from the recording how she put stress on the syllable 'un' (ʌnˈ) from the word unsanitary. It should be noted that in English, stress is normally placed on a word's first syllable, and the underlying stressed syllable can be distinguished from the unstressed one because it is phonetically noteworthy and excellent in certain contexts.

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Bibliography

Barr, A. (2015, JANUARY 28TH). 1001 Spanish Words You Already Know – A Guide To English-Spanish Cognates. Retrieved MAY 9th, 2021, from https://www.realfastspanish.com/vocabulary/spanish-cognates

BBC NEWS. (2017, JANUARY 4th). Cuba says 'yes' to English as tourism flourishes. Retrieved MAY 9TH, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38467299

Cambridge University Press. (2019, JULY 19TH). ENGLISH IN CUBA. Retrieved MAY 7TH, 2021, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-today/article/abs/english-in-cuba/8F4890321789FB01A722E92B64E72D12

DO I NEED TO LEARN SPANISH? DO MANY CUBANS SPEAK ENGLISH? (n.d.). Retrieved NOVEMBER 8TH, 2021, from https://insightcuba.com/

Nordquist, R. (2019, NOVEMBER 4TH). Definition and Examples of Rhotic and Non-Rhotic Speech. THOUGHTCO. Retrieved MAY 8TH, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/rhoticity-speech-4065992

WIKIPEDIA. (n.d.). MID ATLANTIC ACCENT. Retrieved May 6th 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent

Race and Ethnicity in the Middle Atlantic. (n.d.). Retrieved MAY 5th, 2021, from https://statisticalatlas.com/division/Middle-Atlantic/Race-and-Ethnicity

Jessica Pettersson(2008) British, American or Mid-Atlantic English What accent do Swedish learners use and where do they get their influences from?  Retrieved May 6th, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:5728/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Richard Nordquist(2019, May 25th). Linguistic Variation. Retrieved May 6th 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-linguistic-variation-1691242