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Children learn through play and exploring, through social interactions, active learning, meaningful activities, using previous knowledge, practising things, and independence and decision making.

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When we are born, we are born with billions of neurons, the brain develops rapidly over the next couple of year, this is called stimulation. Your brain is forever changing and will throughout your whole life, This is because every time  you learn something new it opens up a new pathway.
During the first few years of a child's life, Their brain is growing and making new connections and pathways. This all happens when children do, hear , touch and taste during their early years, this also has an influence on their later development. During your child's lifetime  you will see the need for repetition in babies and young children's learning. Children will often enjoy and want to do the same action or experience several times.
There are studies that show children who are neglected may not have as developed brain as other children their age. Learning new skills and keeping active throughout lives seems to be an important way of preventing brains from ageing.

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When the brain is developing one of the developments that take place is the child's ability to think and solve problems, also thinking becomes quicker. What children think about also changes as they develop.
Being able to learn and remember is also a part of cognitive development. Babies and young children learn new skills very quickly due to there brain developing as they learn.
An example of this would be when a baby plays with a toy and discovers it makes a noise, they will try as make the toy to makes the same noise again.

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0-3 months- At 3 months old babies can usually see all colours, they can also focus on an object held close to them, identify when a object is being moved or have moved.
6-9 months- Between these ages babies can recognise when objects are far away. They start to remember simple games and will start to show expressions, e.g. Excitement.
1-2 years - At this ages children will start to identify people or objects by the name and will be able to point at them, they will start to remember games and how to push button on toys to make sounds.
3-4 years- At this age you child with be able to identify primary colours ( red, blue, green and yellow), they well be able to sort simple objects into groups and can identify if an object is heavy.
5-7 years- At this age children will enjoy playing games, can read books independently as well as write. From the age of 6 they will be able to solve simple calculations and simple practical problems .

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6-12 months- Between these ages babies will start to respond to familiar faces and smiles, they may also start to look at a simple clock or board books with an adult, starting to control fine motor skills through activities.
2-3 years- At this age children will start to show an interest in books and familiar songs and will be bale to identify which is their favourite story. They will have better control with their hand and may be able an object between their thumb and finger, starting to hold a pencil.
3-4 years- At this age they will be able to recognise their name in print, They will start to use a more developed range of vocabulary, They may start to attempt to write their names or other words.
4-5 years- At this age children will be able to write their own names , sound out words to read and be able to sound out words and write them down.
5-7 years - At this age children,s reading skills will be developing, and they will start to use grammar.

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6-12 months- At this age babies can start to detect differences between smaller and larger amount of objects, as well as recognising the shape and size of the objects.
1-2 years- At this age children start to understand words big or small and start to identify what shapes can be stacked.
2-3 years- At this age children will start learning numbers and words, be able to show a number using their fingers to make 1 or 2, They will start to complete simple puzzles, build towers and recognise different shapes.
3-4 years- At this age children will start to recognise number and will be able to count them, They may be able to recognise numbers in different environments. They will be able to sort objects by size or colour and can help with certain tasks.
4-5 years- At this age they will start to learn how to count to 20 or possibly higher, They will be able to solve simple maths problems as well as starting to count backwards and even count in twos. They will start to draw simple shapes , predict what comes next in a simple pattern. They will also be able to identify which jug can hold more water.
5-7 years-  At this age they will start to play simple board games, using numbers to move forward or back, counting in fives or tens. They will also start solving maths problems as well as starting to recognise the difference between 2D and 3D shapes.

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0-1 years- Children at this age started to watch their parents faces, smiles and emotions. They will respond to faces and tones of voices. They will enjoying getting attention as well as start to enjoy playing simple games such as peek-a-boo. They use emotions such as distress such as crying or screaming but will calm down once they hear the voice of their parent. They will enjoy spending time with parents and family members and will preference who they want to be with through emotions.
1-2 years- At this age they will like to play simple games with adults, they will bring toys and objects to show adults. They will start to show an interest in being around other children. They will start to try and get reactions out of adults around them. They will start to explore the environment around them. They will start to show strong emotions which include frustration but can quickly change.
2-3 years- At this age children will start to be interested in being with other children, they will show concerns with other children's emotions. They may not have came to the concept of sharing toys unless told to by an adult. They can tell the difference between genders, they start to feel jealously towards others .
3-5 years- At this age children will enjoy playing with others, they will know how to play co-operatively and take turns. They will start to use their imagination to play roles such as mam and dads. They will start to find it easier to separate from parents.
5-7 years- At this age children will have a clear preference for friendship, they will have an understanding for the need of rules and will be quick to report others if they are not keeping them.

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6 week- At 6 weeks babies start to recognise their parents/carers voice, they will also begin to turn their heads towards the directions of sounds.
3 months- At 3 months babies can be soothed quickly by the sound of their parents/carers voice and being calmed while being held.
9 months- At 9 months babies will start to understand two of three phrases used by adults as the will start to memorise them.
1 years old- At 1 year old babies will be able to follow simple instructions and understand many words.
2 years old- At 2 years old they will start to enjoy looking at book. They will understand instructions and will understand simple conversations. They will also enjoy hearing nursery rhymes.
3 years old- At 3 years old they will know and recognise a few nursery rhymes, they will follow instructions that are given to them. They will start to listen to stories and enjoy sharing books.
4 years old- At 4 years old they will start to understand jokes and will enjoy hearing them. They will also start to pick out their own rhymes and books.

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3 months- At 3 months they will start to moves their head and show an interest by watching their surroundings.
6 months- At 6 months they will sit up with support from parents or they can be sat in a Bumbo. They will start to roll from front to back .
9 month- At 9 months they will be able to sit up alone and they start to attempt to crawl. They will start to be able to stand up will supporting or holding on to something.
1 year old- At 1 year old They will start to work holding onto something for support.
1-2 year old- At 1-2 years old they be able to walk well and be able to lift themselves from sitting to standing. they will bale to squat to play or pick up toys from the floor. They will be able to push and pull objects such as doors.
2-3 year old- At 2- 3 years old they will be able to walk up the stairs, climb on climbing frames and be able to throw and kick a ball .
3 year old- At 3 years old they will be able to jump up and down . They will be able to walk up and down the stairs and will be able to steer a tricycle or scooter.
4 year old- At 4 years old they will start to sit down with their legs crossed. They will begin to run around and bounce and catch a large ball.
5 year old- At 5 year old they will start to gain balance which means they with be able to walk on narrow lines, stand on one foot and hop on each foot.
6-7 year old- At 6-7 years old they will be able to do more physical activities, For example; They will be able to use and bat and ball, start to learn how to ride a bike and learn how to swim.

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6 weeks- COOS
3 months- At 3 months babies will start to show emotion when they are spoken too e.g. They will show happiness when spoken to by a parent of carer.
6 months- At 6 months babies will start making sounds, creating conversation with long babbling.
1 year old- At 1 year old the babbling becomes tuneful and in long strings. It gets louder to gain attention.
2 year old- At 2 year old they will be able to say several words. They will begin to talk to themselves and make simple sentences.
3 year old- At 3 year old they will start to know their full name, they may stutter as they are learning to say some words. They will knows rhymes. They will start to ask questions and use a larger vocabulary.
4 year old- At 4 year old they can be understood easily by others. They enjoy telling stories and loves to asking questions . Their sentences will start to become longer and can have a conversation.
5-7 year old- At 5-7 year old they will be asked meaning of words. They will start to write words them getting harder. They will start to reason using language and like to use words accurately.

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When working in an Early Years Setting the practitioners need to take account of the voice of child. UNRC and the UNICEF is a human rights organisations, their aim is to protect and promote the rights of children.
UNCRC (The united nations conventions on the rights of the child) and UNICEF ( United nations international children's emergency fund) government guidelines states that ' The voice of children and young people should be heard when decisions are made which affect them.'

Roles in early learning.
When young children are involved in decision making, we are not giving them a choice but also building their confidence and sense of responsibility which can help them in later life.
The roles of parents in supporting their child's early learning in the home environment can take different forms.

Supporting early learning at home.
- Asking your child about their day and valuing what they do in the setting.
- Sharing books
- Encouraging a range of social experiences and developing positive relationships.
- Discussing well-being and a healthy lifestyle.
- Encouraging children to give new things a chance and to try them.
-Developing independence.

Parents/carer engagement.
It is very important that parents are involved in the child's life as much as possible, many parents are involved as much as possible automatically however, some may struggle and need help with ideas on how to be involved and support them. A good way of supporting their child is to form a partnership with the setting and share ideas on how to help that particular child.
The genes that we are born with can influence how we develop. We can see this in physical terms like how tall we are, it may be something we get from our parents.
Scientists have found that our genes may not affect our development. For example; Our personalities, some children may be shy.
The experience the mother has during child birth may also affect children development.

Nature aspects
Medical conditions-
Diabetes, asthma, sickle, call anaemia. Feeling poorly may stop children from joining activities . This could affect them because they may feel different from other children.

Personality and temperament-
Shyness, curiosity, outgoing. Children who have an outgoing personality may be more interested in joining in with activities and may find it easier to make friends . However children who are shy will find it harder to make friends. This will effect their social development.

Environmental factor.
Poverty- When families are living in poverty, it could have a negative impact on the child's development. This is because housing opportunities for stimulation and also the diet of children can be affected.

Gender- Some families may have a clear outlook on what boys should look and what girls should look like and what each gender should do. This can limit children from learning new skills and having opportunities.