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In 1485, Henry Tudor became King Henry VII, ending a civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.

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Bahamas Columbus lands in western Hemisphere.

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Italy Leonardo da Vinci paints Mona Lisa.

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Italy Michelangelo paints celling of Sistine Chapel.

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North America Ponce de León explores what is now Florida.

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Italy Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther. He petitioned the Pope for a divorce, on the grounds that his marriage to his brother's widow was invalid. When the Pope denied his petition to remarry, Henry refused to comply, eventually severing all ties with Rome.

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Peru Pizarro conquers Incas.

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Henry VII  established the Protestan Church of England with himself at it’s head. Religious affiliation and allegiance to the king were suddenly united.

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After the death of Henry VIll in 1547, his young son became Edward VI. The sickly youth died after six years and was succeeded by Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry's younger sister.

She ruled for only nine days: Mary Tudor, Edward Vi's half sister, took the throne from her and had the young queen sent to the Tower.

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Nuremberg First edition of Copernicus' On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres is published.

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Elizabeth I becomes queen in 1558. She firmly established England as a Protestan nation and ushered in a time of prosperity  and peace.

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More than 20,000 Londoners die in plague.

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William Shakespeare is born.

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North America Sir Francis Drake lands near what is now San francisco on his voyage around the globe.

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English navy Defeats Spanish Armada.

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Elizabeth I dies; James I the first Stuart king of England. James was an able ruler who inherited a prosperous nation that had become a world power. By the end of his reign, however, his struggles with Parliament foreshadowed the civil war that would come during the reign of his son, Charles I.

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Cabot laid the basis for future English claims in North America. By the end of this period, the claims of exploration became the settlement, as England began its first colonies—Jamestown, in 1607, and the Massachusetts colonies, beginning in 1620.

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Italy Galileo builds first telescope.

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North American Pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock.