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The thesis of the novel is focused on how Latinx individuals no matter the citizenship status they never will be accepted into the “American” project/ dream. A key term is American culture since it plays into what Latinx individuals are compared to or have a sense of needing to achieve. Another key term is population as the importance of how large the Latinx community is and yet is devalued.These terms are relevant to the paper to fully express how no matter the population and citizenship.There are stereotypes placed and social media tends to also always portrays Latinx people in a negative manner.

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Race and Belonging among Latino Millennials

by Nilda Flores-González

Published by: NYU Press

Imprint: NYU Press

208 Pages, 6.00 x 9.00 in, 2 black and white illustrations

Paperback

9781479840779

Published: October 2017

$28.00

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Hardcover

9781479825523

Published: October 2017

$89.00

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9781479809479

Published: October 2017

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An exploration of how race shapes Latino millennials' notions of national belonging Latino millennials constitute the second largest segment of the millenn...

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This source entails the subject of how politicians and their social media are used to stir hate and accusations against Latinx people. A major key term used is campaigns which are a form of social media and a way for politicians to spread such hate and stereotype nationally. Secondly, immigration is a term important as it is used as a fear mechanism or threat against Latinx people. The term campaign is not only relevant on this source, but connects to others about social media spreading stereotypes or hate. These terms pin point or address the research question on the depiction of Latinx people.

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The main argument of the article is the effect of how negative stereotypes cause difficulty in employment, honest living, and youth life. Latinx immigrants have to endure hard labor or vending on the street to make an income as a result of citizenship issues relating to employment through all ages. A key term is harassment. This is what most Latinx have experienced in America being threatened or disturbed for simply existing in the U.S. As well as poverty it is brought up consistently to describe the social economic class of immigrants. These are relevant as it explains the effect of what social media and laws of immigrants creates.

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Latino Immigrant Street Vendor Youth in Los Angeles

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This article argues the effects of anti-immigrant advertisements are used politically against Latinx. It goes deep into the issue of the effects it has on Lantix people emotionally and mentally. Touching on the difficulty they go through to find help or avoid such advertisements. A key term of this source is emotional and mental effects as a result of public anti-latino advertisements promoting hate or racism for political benefit. Republicans is another great key term as they are the party of politicians who are against immigrants and aren’t afraid to stand by that nationally and globally. These are relevant focusing on political gain being obtained through anti-Latinx propaganda for elections.

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Anti-immigrant campaign ads negatively impact Latinos' mental health and make them feel unwelcome in the United States | Brookings

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The rise of anti-immigrant ads is indicative of wider acceptance for this extreme political rhetoric, which unfortunately suggests the Latino community will continue to be exposed to more stress-inducing political images than ever.

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The article argues how U.S immigration policies are racially motivated specifically against Latinx people. This causes children to be deported and detained in unacceptable conditions. Separation is used in the research as a key term since it is greatly relevant to deportation and families being affected. Also, policies is a key term because of its existence it creates problems and fears for families of Latinx being anti-latinx motivated. These terms emphasize the U.S. government system and politicians being racially against Latinx when it comes to immigration process and regulations. These motives date back to a time where it was normal and now being noticed creating an uproar for change.

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LAS VEGAS (AP) - As thousands of children were taken from their parents at the southern border during a Trump administration crackdown on illegal crossings, a federal public defender in San Diego set out to find new strategies to go after the longstanding deportation law fueling the family separations.

The resulting legal defense that Kara Hartzler would help draft in the coming years - work that continued even after a judge halted the general practice at the U.S.-Mexico border in June 2018 - was unprecedented.

It exposed Section 1326 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which makes it a crime to unlawfully return to the U.S. after deportation, removal or denied admission, as racist and a violation of equal protection rights guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment.

And it became the legal framework for a never-before-seen ruling in August 2021 by Nevada U.S. District Judge Miranda Du. She struck down the law as unconstitutional and discriminatory against Latinos when she dismissed an illegal reentry charge against Mexican immigrant Gustavo Carrillo Lopez, though she didn't block enforcement and prosecutions haven't stopped as the government appeals the case.

Du's 43-page ruling cited much of Hartzler's legal defense. "The record before the Court reflects that at no point has Congress confronted the racist, nativist roots of Section 1326," the judge wrote.

Hartzler, who has spent the last decade as a federal public defender in California, said she was blown away when she learned of the ruling.

"When you've been working in law for as long as I have, you know that just because you're legally right doesn't mean you always win," she said. "There's a lot of forces at work in making legal decisions."

The potentially precedent-setting case has been in legal limbo for more than a year as a federal court in California considers the Justice Department's appeal defending the law. Despite the ongoing battle in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, the Nevada case has shined a national spotlight on the little-known history of Section 1326.

"It really is an ill-understood law when you think about the degree to which it is based on explicitly racist and white supremacist ideology," said Sirine Shebaya, executive director of the nonprofit National Immigration Project.

Section 1326, along with its misdemeanor counterpart Section 1325, which criminalizes unauthorized entry, was enacted by Congress in 1952.

But the law's origins can be traced back a century to the 1920s - a decade described by UCLA history professor and leading Section 1326 researcher Kelly Lytle Hernandez as "a time when the Ku Klux Klan was reborn, Jim Crow came of age, and public intellectuals preached the science of eugenics."

Many of the key elements that formed the legal defense now being considered by the 9th Circuit came from Hernandez's findings on Section 1326's discriminatory background.

With Congress' sights in the 1920s set on legislation that would block "undesirable" immigration, the National Origins Act of 1924 was enacted, establishing a cap on how many immigrants could enter the U.S. under a system that reserved 96% of slots for European immigrants and included a total ban on Asian immigrants.

Exempt from that system, however, were immigrants from the Western Hemisphere, including Mexico. Hernandez, who was called as an expert witness in the Nevada case, said the exception came as a compromise between nativist lawmakers and employers who had come to rely heavily on cheap labor from Mexico.

But before the decade's end, South Carolina Sen. Coleman Livingston Blease would orchestrate a new deal with employers that led to the Undesirable Aliens Act of 1929.

Under this new law, unauthorized entry into the U.S. became illegal, allowing Congress to limit immigration from Mexico without implementing an outright ban.

Blease, Hernandez said, was a "proud white supremacist" who advocated for segregation and defended lynching. "That alone requires some reckoning with."

Nearly a century later, the Justice Department has conceded that the 1929 law was motivated by racism. But in oral arguments in early December before the 9th Circuit, an attorney for the U.S. government argued later revisions - like Section 1326 - made it constitutional.

Du's ruling, however, points out that the 1952 revision establishing Section 1326 had adopted language "word for word" from the 1929 legislation, and since then, penalties - that range from prison time to permanent deportation - have stiffened at least five times.

Justice Department attorneys have also conceded that Section 1326 "bears more heavily on Mexican and Latinx individuals," but argued the disparity is "a product of geography, not discrimination," as well as "a feature of Mexico's proximity to the United States, the history of Mexican employment patterns, and other socio-political and economic factors that drive migration from Mexico to the United States."

Between October 2021 and September this year, the federal government's fiscal year, 96% of people charged under Section 1326 were from Mexico, Central America, South America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean islands.

Section 1325 and 1326 cases are among the most prosecuted charges by the federal government, hitting record numbers in the 2019 budget year, when nearly 90,000 people were charged under Section 1325 and nearly 25,500 under Section 1326. The number of prosecutions have fallen since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the Justice Department continues to prosecute tens of thousands of people annually for illegal reentry.

This fiscal year, for example, the Justice Department under the Biden administration prosecuted 13,670 cases under Section 1326. The vast majority of those defendants were charged in border states, including Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

"If you look at this law dispassionately and without political motivations, the facts of the legislation, how it was enacted and its impact on immigrants from Latinx countries, the case is really clear," said Shebaya, of the National Immigration Project. "There is a clear equal protections violation."

There is no deadline for the 9th Circuit to issue its ruling on the Justice Department's appeal.

In the meantime, the U.S. government continues to pursue Section 1326 cases across the country because Du's order did not include an injunction on the statute.

"It's still pretty outrageous that they are continuing to pursue them," Shebaya said, "given a court order saying they are unconstitutional."

At the same time, some of the thousands of children separated from their parents during the Trump administration still have not been reunited.

Under Trump's immigration policy, all adults crossing the border without authorization were charged with illegal entry. Because children cannot be jailed with their parents, Health and Human Services took custody of the children. No reunification system was put in place.

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US law based on anti-Latino racism fuels immigration fight

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A Nevada case shined a light on a U.S. immigration law and its little-known history after a federal judge called the rule racist and struck it down.

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The article's thesis discussed how discourses are being created often and without consequences to follow up. The discourses are all over the internet on different apps and targeting different audiences with the same point of supporting ideas and comments being anti- immigrant. Anti-immgrant is a key term that is the point of a research paper. The negative portrayal of immigrants through social media is due to discourse filled with anti-immigrant posts. Additionally the term racist is not only important and used in this source as well. Racist is the demonstration of discrimination against a certain race. The terms support the point in the paper of the negative effects immigrants endure.