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Jefferson's goal was to avoid federalist judges from being appointed, but this law was determined unconstitutional. The verdict won 4-0 in favor that forcing Madison to deliver appointments was beyond the power of the supreme courts.

This case was significant because it established Judicial review.

Thomas Jefferson was president at this time during 1803

William Marbury sued for a commission that James Madison would not give him.

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McCulloch refused to pay taxes after the government had established a Second National Bank and imposed taxes. Maryland sued him in order to collect taxes.

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This case defined the separation of federal and state powers. It stated that Congress had implied powers from the Constitution and the states cannot tax federally set up systems.

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The President of the time was James Monroe, who served as the 5th president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. The case took place on March 6th 1819.

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The Judiciary Act of 1801 expanded federal jurisdiction. This is also known as the Circuit court act because it created 16 federal circuit court judges. These judges were known as midnight judges. They were appointed March 3rd, 1801 a day before Thomas Jefferson would take office. John Adams struggled to put these judges together in the late hours, hence the name, midnight judges. John Marshall and Samuel Hitchcock were both midnight judges. This allowed the Supreme court to get their duties back and return jurisdiction to state courts. It also helped organize the judicial branch. This led to bunches of changes in the court system.

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Samuel Chase was an associate justice to the United States Supreme Court since 1796. He was a strong federalist, and had known opposition with Thomas Jefferson.

He was impeached on March 12 1804, due to an increase in the power of the supreme court. His impeachment was politically motivated, as there was no actual evidence of treason. Samuel was appointed by Adams and Jefferson impeached him.

The impeachment of Samuel Chase established that government officials could not be impeached due to a disagreement, and they have to have an actual reason.