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state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, and government has been reached

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An economic system built on the assumption that the world's supply of wealth is fixed and that nations must export more goods than they import to assure a steady supply of gold and silver into national coffers. Mercantile thinkers saw the inflow of such wealth as the key to maintaining and enhancing national power and self-sufficiency. Within this context, the accumulation and development of colonies was of great importance, since colonies could supply scarce raw materials to parent nations and serve as markets for finished goods.

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The process of transferring plants, animals, foods, diseases, wealth, and culture between Europe and the Americas, beginning at the time of Christopher Columbus and continuing throughout the era of exploration and expansion.

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In an effort to entice English subjects to the colonies, parties would offer legal bonded contracts that would exchange the cost of passage across the Atlantic for up to seven years of labor in America.

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Total ownership of one person over another.

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The government in Spain gave away large tracts of conquered land in Spanish America, including whole villages of indigenous peoples, to court favorites, including many conquistadores. These new landlords were supposed to educate the natives and teach them the Roman Catholic faith. The system was rife with abuse, however. Landlords rarely offered much education, preferring instead to exploit the labor of the local inhabitants, whom they treated like slaves.

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Economic exchange amongst three markets and geographies

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Religious reform movement in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the church of England.

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Colonies focused on cash crops.

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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Colonies with a large agricultural base. Because of location they were key distribution centers in the English Mercantile System

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People of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery

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Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in an attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South, this included that the Fugitive Slave Act was amended, the slave trade in Washington, D.C. was abolished, California entered the Union as a free state, a territorial government was created in Utah, and an act was passed settling a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico that also established a territorial government in New Mexico

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Freed all slaves and abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

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Passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´

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When a state attempts to secede from, or leave, the nation it was once a part of

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Northern half of the country, a group of states that were generally anti-slavery

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19th century belief that Americans had the God given right to spread across the whole continent

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Granted African American men voting rights

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Granted African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law

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Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state

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Southern half of the country, a group of states trying to separate over the issue of slavery

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Loyalty or support of a particular region or section of the nation, rather than the United States as a whole

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A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money

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When writers sought to expose corruption in big business and government

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The railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical

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Patterns of movement across the country, including waves of new immigrants and formerly enslaved people moving toward urban centers

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Known as the steel king; he integrated every phase of his steel-making operation.He pioneered "Vertical Integration" to improve efficiency by controlling the quality of the product at all stages of production and eliminating the middleman

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The idea that the wealthy and powerful were naturally superior and deserved their success

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A man who started from meager beginnings and eventually created an oil empire. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States

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The age between the Civil War and WWI when the American economy grew rapidly and individuals were able to use monopolies to amass great wealth

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A banker who financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. He bought out Carnegie and in 1901 he started the United States Steel Corporation

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An organized group of workers that use collective bargaining to improve working conditions

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Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age, implying that they helped the United States become strong through their business pursuits

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The idea that extremely wealthy Americans had a responsibility to spend their money in order to benefit the greater good.

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Negative term for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age who made fortunes by monopolizing huge industries through unethical business practices

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The traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders

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The political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

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The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

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The practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price and borrow the rest at high interest rates

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The campaign to allow female voters

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Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation

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The resolution to WWI that squarely blamed Germany by demanding billions in reparations and destroying German military infrastructure

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The prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933

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American military strategy in WWII to slowly claim territory across the Pacific, leading to the eventual defeat of Japan

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A captain and admiral in the Navy who was a prominent supporter of Imperialism

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A message from Germany to Mexico—decoded and shared by the British—that urged Mexico to invade the US to keep the US occupied in exchange for German support for Mexico taking back parts of the Mexican Cession

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A popular way to describe the New Deal, referring to relief, recovery, and reform

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The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China

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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Sometimes considered a precursor to the modern UN.

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Tax on imports

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically

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Created by President LBJ to improve the social welfare safety net in the USA.

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Vastly more powerful than atomic bombs. Capable of destroying entire cities and permanently irradiating countries.

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Significantly more powerful than past weapons. First used in Hiroshima.

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Belief that if one country becomes Communist its neighbors would also become communist.

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Military alliance between countries in Eastern Europe and the USSR.

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Successor to the League of Nations. Exists to solve the world’s political problems.

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Created the World Bank and IMF to solve the world’s economic problems.

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Supreme Court Case that ended the segregation of schools.

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Theory that if one country uses nuclear weapons other countries will use them as well effectively ending the world as we know it.

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Theory that communism must be prevented from spreading to other countries and that the USA must use military force to stop it if necessary.

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Named by Winston Churchill. This is the metaphorical demarcation between communism and democracy in Europe.

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Globally centered groups that try to solve world problems.

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The death and destruction of six million jews and five million other people by the Nazis during WWII.

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Military alliance primarily between the USA and Western Europe.

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a political movement in the 1980s, led by religious conservatives, advocating for socially conservative policies and seeking to influence American politics based on moral and religious principles.

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the general increase in the prices of goods and services over time, reducing the purchasing power of currency.

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individuals or policies advocating for social and economic equality, government intervention in the economy, and progressive social values.

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actions by a central bank to control the money supply and interest rates, influencing economic activity by managing inflation, employment, and overall economic stability

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government actions related to taxation and spending to influence the economy, aiming to achieve economic goals such as full employment and stable prices.

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refers to the economic policies of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, emphasizing tax cuts, reduced government regulation, and a belief that stimulating economic growth among the wealthy would benefit the entire economy.

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reducing or eliminating government restrictions and regulations on industries, with the goal of fostering competition and economic efficiency.

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the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period, serving as a key indicator of economic performance.

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individuals or policies favoring limited government intervention, traditional values, and a free-market approach to economic issues.

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the process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, economies, and cultures through international trade, communication, and cultural exchange

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the use of violence or threats to intimidate and create fear for political, religious, or ideological purposes

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an economic philosophy advocating minimal government interference in the marketplace, allowing natural market forces to determine prices, production, and distribution.

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an economic theory asserting that benefits provided to the wealthy and businesses will eventually "trickle down" to the rest of the population through job creation and economic growth