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Flappers were women who wore calf-revealing dresses, that had lower necklines. The classic hairstyle that flappers wore was fancy bobs along with the dress. Flappers loved listening to jazz music.

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Women's Independence

Multiple factors-political, cultural and technological-led to the rise of the flappers.

During World War I, women entered the workforce in large numbers, receiving higher wages that many working women were not inclined to give up during peacetime.

In August 1920, women's independence took another step forward with the passage of the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote. And in the early 1920s, Margaret Sanger made strides in providing contraception to women, sparking a wave of women's rights to birth control.

The 1920s also brought about Prohibition, the result of the 18th Amendment ending legal alcohol sales. Combined with an explosion of popularity for jazz music and jazz clubs, the stage was set for speakeasies, which offered illegally produced and distributed alcohol.

Henry Ford 's mass production of cars brought down automobile prices, allowing the younger generation far more mobility than in earlier eras. Many people, a number of them young women, drove these cars into cities, which experienced a population boom.

With all these pieces in place, an unprecedented social explosion for young women was all but inevitable.

What Is a Flapper?

No one knows how the word flapper entered American slang, but its usage first appeared just following World War I.

The classic image of a flapper is that of a stylish young party girl. Flappers smoked in public, drank alcohol, danced at jazz clubs and practiced sexual freedom that shocked the Victorian morality of their parents.

Flapper Dress

Flappers were famous-or infamous, depending on your viewpoint-for their rakish attire.

They donned fashionable flapper dresses of shorter, calf-revealing lengths and lower necklines, though not typically form-fitting: Straight and slim was the preferred silhouette.

Flappers wore high heel shoes and threw away their corsets in favor of bras and lingerie. They gleefully applied rouge, lipstick, mascara and other cosmetics, and favored shorter hairstyles like the bob.

Designers like Coco Chanel, Elsa Schiaparelli and Jean Patou ruled flapper fashion. Jean Patou's invention of knit swimwear and women's sportswear like tennis clothes inspired a freer, more relaxed silhouette, while the knitwear of Chanel and Schiaparelli brought no-nonsense lines to women's clothing. Madeleine Vionnet's bias-cut designs (made by cutting fabric against the grain) emphasized the shape of a woman's body in a more natural way.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

F. Scott Fitzgerald found his place in American literary history with "The Great Gatsby" in 1925, but he had already garnered a reputation before that as a spokesperson for the Jazz Age.

The press at the time credited Fitzgerald as the creator of the flapper because of his debut novel, " This Side of Paradise," though the book didn't specifically mention flappers.

The credit stuck and Scott began to write about flapper culture in short stories for the Saturday Evening Post in 1920, opening up the Jazz Age lifestyle to middle-class homes.

A collection of these stories was published that year under the title "Flappers and Philosophers," cementing Fitzgerald as the flapper expert for the next decade.

Zelda Fitzgerald

If Fitzgerald was considered a chronicler of flappers, his wife Zelda Fitzgerald was considered the quintessential example of one.

A native of Montgomery, Alabama, Zelda was a stylish, free-spirited young woman who met Fitzgerald in 1918 while he was stationed there in the military. She was 17 at the time and-as the daughter of a prominent local judge-her hedonistic escapades scandalized her family.

The pair was married in New York City one month after "This Side of Paradise" was released and soon embarked on a lifestyle of reckless partying and publicity-seeking in Europe and across America.

Both publicly claimed that Zelda was Fitzgerald's inspiration for all his female characters, bringing her in as much demand for her insight as he was. She was soon writing articles about the "modern" flapper lifestyle.

Lois Long

Lois Long was another writer chronicling flapper culture in print. Using the pseudonym Lipstick, Long began writing for The New Yorker shortly after its inception.

Her work chronicled the life of a flapper and recounted her real-life adventures of drinking and dancing all night long. She typically wrote her column-first named "When Nights Are Bold" and "Tables For Two," launched in 1925-directly after her nights out, typing into the wee hours.

Flappers in Advertising

Recognizing that women now had disposable incomes of their own, advertising courted their interests beyond household items. Soap, perfume, cosmetics, cigarettes and fashion accessories were all the subjects of ads targeting women.

Helen Lansdowne Resor was the most powerful woman in advertising at the time. The head of women's advertising at the J. Walter Thompson Agency, she worked her way up from secretary thanks to her keen understanding of selling to women. She was the first advertising executive to push sex appeal as a method of marketing to women, often focused on getting male attention.

Flapper style regularly graced the covers of magazines like Vanity Fair and Life, drawn by artists like John Held and Gordon Conway.

Flappers on Film

Anita Loos' book "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" and its follow-up "But Gentlemen Marry Brunettes" were famous satires of the world of flappers. The books focused on flapper Lorelei Lee and her male conquests. The first film version of "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" was released in 1928 (another version was released in 1953, starring Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell).

The popularity of movies exploded during the 1920s, though the screen versions of flappers were typically less permissive than the real-world versions. The first popular flapper movie was "Flaming Youth," released in 1923 and starring Colleen Moore, who was soon Hollywood's "go-to" actress for playing flappers onscreen.

Louise Brooks auditioned for a part in "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" but failed. Nonetheless, the image of Brooks and her precise bob has become the archetypal vision of a flapper. The Hollywood portion of her film career featured several starring flapper roles before she moved on to more serious dramas.

The 'It' Girl

Clara Bow 's nickname was "the It Girl," referring to her 1927 film "It," which was adapted from a magazine article by Elinor Glyn. Bow was the most successful screen flapper, beloved for the unpretentious manner of her portrayals and her frank sex appeal.

Anna May Wong broke barriers as the first Chinese-American movie star. Her image as a flapper off-screen was encouraged by movie studios to increase her appeal beyond the exotic roles in which they cast her.

Dancing was a crucial part of flapper culture. The Charleston and the Black Bottom were popular and considered more suggestive than any moves that had come before. The acclaimed 1923 British play "The Dancers," which starred Tallulah Bankhead, examined the dance obsessions of two flappers.

Criticism of Flappers

Not everyone was a fan of women's newfound sexual freedom and consumer ethos, and there was inevitably a public reaction against flappers.

Utah attempted to pass legislation on the length of women's skirts. Virginia tried to ban any dress that revealed too much of a woman's throat and Ohio tried to ban form-fitting outfits.

Women who populated beaches in bathing suits that were deemed inappropriate were escorted off the beach by police or arrested if they refused.

Popular Washington, D.C., hostess Mrs. John B. Henderson attempted to start a mass movement against what she considered vulgar fashions, appealing to prominent women's clubs and colleges for help.

Clergymen like Rabbi Stephen S. Wise and Baptist pastor Dr. John Roach Straton became known for their tirades against young women's fashions.

Flappers also received criticism from women's rights activists like Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Lillian Symes, who felt flappers had gone too far in their embrace of licentiousness.

End of the Flappers

The age of the flapper came tumbling down suddenly on October 29, 1929, with the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression. No one could afford the lifestyle any longer, and the new era of frugality made the freewheeling hedonism of the Roaring Twenties seem wildly out of touch with grim new economic realities.

Many film-star flappers had already met their end two years earlier with the advent of talking film, which was not always kind to them. The Hays Code in 1930, which severely limited sexual themes in movies, made independent women in the flapper mold almost impossible to portray onscreen.

Sources

Flapper. Joshua Zeitz.
Flappers: A Guide To An American Subculture. Kelly Boyer Sagert.
Flappers and the New American Woman. Catherine Gourley.
A Perfect Fit: Clothes, Character, and the Promise of America. Jenna Weissman Joselit.

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Multiple factors-political, cultural and technological-led to the rise of the flappers. During World War I, women entered the workforce in large numbers, receiving higher wages that many working women were not inclined to give up during peacetime. In August 1920, women's independence took another step forward with the passage of the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote.

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Bootleggers were people who originally produced alcohol illegally when there was a prohibition period. The bootleggers would make their product somewhere hidden and sell it. Some would go as far as smuggling.

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One way of entertainment in the 1920's was radio. Many families bought one and due to them being popular the price increased.

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Prohibition took place in the 1920's during the 18th amendment. Prohibition prevented sales of alcohol and even transporting alcohol.

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The Prohibition Era was a period between 1920 and 1933 when the 18 th Amendment to the Constitution was in effect. This amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol in the United States.

For decades leading up to the passage of the 18 th Amendment, reform groups within the temperance movement had worked to eliminate alcohol consumption, which they believed was the cause of many ills in American society. By late 1917, there was enough support in Congress to pass the amendment. However, because the language of the 18 th Amendment was broad, the National Prohibition Act (also known as the Volstead Act) was passed in late 1919 to provide the specifics of alcohol regulation and enforcement. Prohibition started in 1920, after the amendment was ratified by the states.

Though Prohibition did see an overall decline in alcohol consumption in America, it had many unintended effects. For example, it led to the rise of a black-market alcohol industry of bootleggers and smugglers, which strengthened organized crime syndicates and increased gang violence. Gangsters like Al Capone became household names during this time.

Finally, during the Great Depression, the tide turned against Prohibition. In 1932, Congress passed the 21st Amendment to repeal it. The amendment was quickly ratified by the states, with the final repeal vote cast by Utah on December 5, 1933.

Learn more about Prohibition through historical newspapers from our archives. Explore newspaper articles, headlines, images, and other primary sources below.

Clippings about Prohibition

Topics Progressive Era, Roaring Twenties
The views and opinions expressed in these newspaper articles and clippings are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Newspapers.com or Ancestry.

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The Prohibition Era was a period between 1920 and 1933 when the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was in effect. This amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol in the United States. For decades leading up to the passage of the 18th Amendment, reform groups within the temperance movement...

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During the 1920's in NYC, an estimate of 35% of the cities residents were born foreign. New York dealt with public health, work etc.

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The only constant in New York City is its constant change.

So what was life like in New York City a century ago? Read on for a description of life in the Big Apple during the Roaring Twenties.

Population and Immigration

In 1920, New York City was a polyglot mix, the result of more than a century of continuing, though fluctuating, immigration into the country.

About 35 percent of the city's 5.6 million residents were foreign-born.

Russian Jews (480,000) made up the largest foreign-born group in New York, followed by Italian (319,000), Irish (203,450), and German (194,154) immigrants.

But by 1921, concerns about competition for jobs plus ethnic prejudice led to the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, which established numerical limits on immigration into the United States. In 1924, the United States passed another law that tightened the quotas and made them permanent.

Lawmakers intended those country-by-country limits to keep out certain ethnic groups and reverse the influx of southern and eastern Europeans who had started to arrive in the 1890s.

But a loophole allowed one ethnic group to continue its immigration to the United States. Because many West Indian islands were still British colonies, Jamaicans and other West Indians were subject to Great Britain's generous quota. By the end of the 1920s, West Indians made up 25 percent of the population of Harlem.
Do you have an immigrant ancestor who may have come to New York and been living there in the 1920s-or passed through the city? Take a look in these Ancestry® collections to learn more about their immigration story: New York, U.S., Arriving Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957, which could include details like hair color and how much money they had Immigration and Travel collection, which is your best option for finding immigrant ancestors, with passenger arrival records, naturalization records, passports, and more U.S. Naturalization Record Indexes, 1791-1992 (Indexed in World Archives Project), which is free to access and has indexes to naturalization records for various courts
The Great Migration

Another notable group of arrivals to New York in the 1920s was African Americans. Between 1917 and 1925, 200,000 African Americans moved to New York.

They were part of the river of humanity flowing northward from 1916 to 1970 now known as the Great Migration.

The roots of the Great Migration took hold during World War I, which slowed overseas immigration and created labor shortages in the North. To fill those jobs, recruiters traveled south to find African American labor.

Southern resistance required the recruiters to sometimes act in secret to avoid fines or prison. Authorities also tried to keep African Americans from leaving by arresting them on train platforms for "vagrancy" or tearing up their tickets.

But those efforts at stemming the movement north largely failed. And by the 1920s, many of the African Americans who arrived in New York City had settled in Harlem, a formerly all-white neighborhood in Manhattan.
Do you have an ancestor who may have arrived in NYC as part of the Great Migration? Here are some places you can look on Ancestry to explore their stories: Census records such as the 1920 U.S. Census, which would reveal where your ancestor was living in New York and in which state they were born New York, U.S., City Directories, for a list of citizens, their addresses, and occupational information New York, New York, U.S., Marriage License Indexes, 1907-2018, which for the 1920s represent indexes of marriage licenses issued by the New York City Clerk and are accompanied by images
Interestingly, for some Ancestry customers it's also possible to find a family connection to the Great Migration through their DNA. For instance you might be able to find a genetic connection to the South Carolina African American community, whose members moved from south to north from 1925 to 1950.

The Harlem Renaissance

The river of the Great Migration watered the arts scene in Harlem in the 1920s that blossomed into the Harlem Renaissance. Fletcher Henderson arrived from Georgia to lead the most successful African American jazz band in the 1920s.

Composer and bandleader "Duke" Ellington arrived from Washington, DC; and pianist "Jelly Roll" Morton and singer and trumpeter Louis Armstrong arrived from New Orleans.

These artists and others made jazz the sound of the city, and of the decade, through recordings, radio broadcasts, and live performances at speakeasies such as the Cotton Club which, although located in Harlem, served an all-white clientele.

The Harlem Renaissance included musicians and writers such as Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, actors such as Paul Robeson, and visual artists such as Aaron Douglas who defined "cool" for the rest of the country.
Do you have a family connection to the Harlem Renaissance in 1920s NYC? Here are some collections to explore: New York, U.S., City Directories for a list of citizens, their addresses, and occupational information, which could reveal a connection to the arts Newspapers on Ancestry, for day-to-day diaries of community events, which include stories of famous and ordinary people Census records such as the 1920 U.S. Census also include addresses and could reveal if your ancestor lived near a prominent figure in Harlem
Entertainment

Live music from Harlem speakeasies wasn't the only form of entertainment for New Yorkers at the time. In the 1920s, New Yorkers, along with the rest of the country, discovered they could enjoy music over the radio.

For New Yorkers interested in visual entertainment, "The Jazz Singer," the world's first talking movie, had its debut on October 6, 1927 in the Warner Theater in Manhattan's Times Square. New Yorkers could see a movie that year for 20 cents (or 15 cents for children).

In the 1920s, New Yorkers seeking entertainment on the athletic field looked first and foremost to the bat of Babe Ruth. His performance set also attendance records: from 1921 to 1930, the Yankees earned more than $1 million in profits.

In 1923, the team plowed $2.5 million of that money to build a new Yankee Stadium. Tickets for opening day 1923 in the new stadium cost 25 cents for bleacher seats.

Pro football was far less popular until the Giants formed in 1925. And after Congress legalized professional boxing in 1920, boxers like Jack Dempsey grew the sport beyond its ethnic and working-class roots by attracting fans of all types who filled Madison Square Garden to watch fights.

The first radio station in America, KDKA, first hit the airwaves on November 2, 1920. Over the decade, the popularity of radios grew: By 1929, Americans were buying $843 million in radios a year. Chances are that many New Yorkers in the 1920s got their radios on Radio Row, a specialty shopping district in Lower Manhattan for radios and electronics whose first store opened in 1921.

By its peak in the 1950s, Radio Row held more than 1,000 businesses, many of them blaring music onto the streets that could be heard for blocks.
Curious about entertainment in 1920s NYC? Take a look at newspapers and census records to see how entertainment in the city may have connected with the lives of your ancestors: Newspapers on Ancestry for coverage of sporting, cultural, musical events and more 1920 U.S. Census for details like location and occupation (trade, profession, and industry), revealing relatives who may have worked in entertainment 1930 U.S. Census, asked if people owned a radio, so you could discover if your NYC relatives had joined the radio buying trend of the 1920s Baseball player profiles, photos, and illustrations, which could include your athlete ancestors or the players they rooted for in 1920s NYC
Public Health/Disease

Nineteenth century innovations that brought fresh water into New York City and carted away its sewage and trash eliminated many of the epidemics that had threatened New Yorkers before the 1920s. The 1918 flu pandemic had killed 30,000 New Yorkers, but it had passed by the beginning of the new decade.

As a result, most of the leading causes of death for New Yorkers in the 1920s are familiar today: cardiovascular issues, pneumonia, infant mortality, and cancer.

Tuberculosis, the fifth most common cause of death, is largely forgotten today, thanks to the widespread use of antibiotics. But from 1926 to 1930, tuberculosis killed 4,574 New Yorkers a year.

Tuberculosis disproportionately affected African Americans and other new arrivals with more limited financial means to New York. Through public health efforts, however, such as tuberculosis clinics set up in Harlem, the number of tuberculosis deaths in 1930 was a quarter the number of deaths in 1900.
If you're curious about your NYC ancestors' health in the 1920s, you can search: Death records, such as death certificates, which could include a cause of death, as well as life details like occupation New York Birth, Marriage & Death collection, which include both government and church records U.S.,Newspapers.com Obituary Index, 1800s-current, for insights not only into how your ancestors may have passed but into the lives they lived
Mass Consumption and the Cost of Living

The Industrial Revolution that began in the 19th century and ended in the 1920s provided Americans with a panoply of new products to purchase and enjoy. At the same time the expansion of credit helped middle-class Americans buy consumer goods in unprecedented amounts.

Between the end of World War I and the end of the 1920s, for example, more than a half a million new motor vehicles hit the streets of New York City.

The overall cost of living for an average family in New York City in 1926 was $1,659 a year, or $31.92 a week (about $483 per week today).

The largest expense was food ($11.94 per week), followed by housing ($7.40 a week).

A subway ride that year cost five cents, the price when the subway opened in 1904, and the price until fares rose to ten cents in 1948.
If you're curious about your family's lifestyle in NYC in 1920, these records could give you some clues: 1920 U.S. Census, with details like profession and whether a home was rented or owned, mortgaged or free 1930 U.S. Census, provides clues about the previous decade, with details like value of a person's home or the amount of rent paid each month U.S. Wills and Probates, which could reveal if your ancestor had fared better than average economically, based on what they passed on to heirs
Economics/Occupations

Many people today remember the Roaring 20s as an era of newfound prosperity, and New Yorkers, for the most part, shared in that bounty. Unemployment in New York City in the 1920s remained under 7 percent while income per person grew 30 percent over that time.

By 1929, for instance, bricklayers and iron-workers in Manhattan earned $77 a week (~$1,200 today). Carpenters and plumbers earned $66 a week.

In the 1920s, New York City was one of the country's largest factory centers. It produced 1/12th of the entire country's manufacturing output, and by the 1920s, more than 200 shipping companies located along New York's frenetic waterfront were handling almost half of the country's international trade.

In 1920, about 36% of working New Yorkers, about 1 million people, labored in trade or transportation. Manufacturing accounted for 31% of jobs, while 13% of jobs were clerical and 10% were domestic jobs.
Find out what your NYC ancestors were doing for a living in the 1920s by searching: 1920 U.S. Census, for details about their occupation at the start of the 1920s 1925 New York State Census, for details about New York residents such as age and occupation in 1925 New York, U.S., City Directories for a list of citizens, their addresses, and occupational information For those with ancestors who may have been on the wrong side of Prohibition, Ancestry has records for New York prisons, including Sing Sing
Much has changed in New York since the 1920s. Alcohol, illegal during the time due to Prohibition, now flows freely again. Manufacturing has largely gone overseas. Babe Ruth has faded into a sports legend.

But other elements of life in New York City remain recognizable, family migrations first and foremost. For that reason, New York City remains a crossroads for individuals first arriving in this country and for their descendants long afterwards who seek to retrace those first tentative steps of their ancestors on the streets around Broadway.

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What Was Your Family Up to in the 1920s?

Many Americans have family connections to New York in the 1920s, either passing through on their way in to the United States or settling down before later generations moved westward.

or try Ancestry® for 14 days free and rediscover the life your forebearers lived in New York City-and beyond-a century ago.
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What Was Life Like in NYC in the Roaring Twenties? - Ancestry Blog

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The only constant in New York City is its constant change. So what was life like in New York City a century ago? Read on for a description of life in the Big Apple during the Roaring Twenties. In 1920, New York City was a polyglot mix, the result of more than a century of continuing, though fluctuating, immigration into the country.