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1. Explain the specific institutions and initiatives that are fundamental to current Global Health Governance (Actors) : WORLD BANK & UNHCR

2. Analyze the opportunities, challenges and limitations of Global Health Governance.

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a global organization of 189 countries that provides funding & financial assistance to developing countries. The prime purpose of this bank is to provide low-interest loans, address global issues and reduce poverty.

They aim to improve these nations’ financial condition and Gross Domestic Product.

In 1944, 28 nations came forward to sign the Articles of Agreement during the Bretton Woods Conference in Washington, D.C.

A country must join the IMF (International Monetary Fund) before joining the World Bank.

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The World Bank Group has set two goals for the world to achieve by 2030:

End extreme poverty by decreasing the percentage of people living on less than $1.90 a day to no more than 3%

Promote shared prosperity by fostering the income growth of the bottom 40% for every country

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The World Bank has funded more than 12000 projects. and has helped many underdeveloped countries to create healthy economic conditions.

has provided financial help of $45.9 billion to these nations.

also works to cut corruption, war, poverty, and other issues.

However, some nations criticize them for favouring the U.S. as they receive the most funding from them.

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• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) lends to low- and middle-income countries;
• International Development Association (IDA) lends to low-income countries;
• International Finance Corporation (IFC) lends to the private sector;
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) encourages private companies to invest in foreign countries; and
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) helps private investors and foreign countries work out differences when they don't agree

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1. The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita income.

The use of per capita income as a criterion for classifying countries is limited because a country’s growth is dependent on many other factors such as education, equality, health, pollution levels.

some of the limitations of using this method to classify different countries:

A country’s growth and prosperity cannot be determined solely by its per capita income.

It disregards other growth indicators such as freedom, education, equality, liberty, security, health, pollution levels, etc.

2. Biased and Inconsistent Decision-Making: Decisions and interventions by the Bank can be influenced by the political expediency of major shareholders, sometimes supporting controversial programs or regimes​​.

3. Human Rights Concerns: The Bank's policies and programs have been criticized for undermining a broad spectrum of human rights, often prioritizing macroeconomic policies over human rights considerations​​.

4. Unsustainable Growth-Based Model: The focus on economic growth as the primary development model has significant environmental consequences and has been criticized for not effectively addressing poverty reduction​​.

5. Fossil Fuel Investments: Despite climate commitments, the World Bank has continued funding fossil fuel projects, conflicting with global climate goals and the Paris Agreement​​.

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1. Global Economic Uncertainty: The world is grappling with economic challenges such as weakening investment and surging debt, impacting the World Bank's efforts.

2. Health Crisis Impact: The World Bank faces scrutiny for its role in global health, with criticisms and challenges arising, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

3. Country-Specific Challenges: Reports highlight challenges in specific regions like Yemen, where issues include high inflation, poor job quality, and an unstable public sector.

4. Interconnected Development Challenges: The World Bank acknowledges the intertwining challenges of poverty, climate change, pandemics, conflict, and fragility, hindering global development progress.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

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UNHCR, the UN refugee agency, is a global organization dedicated to saving lives, protecting rights, and building better future for people forced to flee their homes because of conflict and persecution

Established by General Assembly of the United Nations in 1950 in the aftermath of the 2nd World War to help the millions of people who had lost their homes

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UNHCR uses its platform to influence global policies on refugee protection. For instance, its involvement in the Global Compact on Refugees has helped shape international responses to refugee crises.

Collaborating with NGOs and governments, UNHCR has launched numerous joint initiatives, like the collaboration with the World Food Programme (WFP) to provide food assistance to refugees in camps worldwide.

Campaigns like the #WithRefugees petition have been instrumental in raising global awareness and garnering support for refugees.

Utilizing technology, UNHCR has developed innovative solutions like the biometric identity management system, which helps in efficiently registering and tracking refugees. (BIMS, ProGres v4, Refugee Housing Unit, CBI)

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Key Challanges

a. Protection and security

b. Preserving asylum space

c. Providing solutions

The report analyses data from over 18,500 interviews with refugees between October 2022 and September 2023 in Poland, the Republic of Moldova, Romania and Slovakia.

1. Lack of documentation in host countries (incomplete documents/long waiting periods/fees)

2. Access to accommodation (affordability/non-sustainable housing programs)

3. Unemployment (discrimination/disabilities/language)

Over two and a half million people have been displaced by the conflict since 15 April, with more than 560,000 people seeking safety in neighbouring countries – with Egypt receiving the highest number, followed by Chad, South Sudan, Ethiopia and the Central African Republic -– and nearly two million people displaced inside the country.

1. Cut off from basic humanitarian assistance (due to hostile environments)

2. Safety of internally displaced persons/refugees (abuse/theft/denied movement out)

3. Lack of access to vulnerable areas (safety issues)

4. Funding and limited infrastructure (cost of supplies and transportation/place to deliver service)

From 2018 to 2020, almost a million children were born as refugees indirectly causing education disruption among refugee children.

1. At primary level, UNHCR data suggests that 68 per cent of refugee children are enrolled in school but only 34% enrolled in secondary level (due to future prospect/need to support family)

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This platform helps you to find accredited higher education academic or scholarship programmes verified by UNHCR to allow you to pursue advanced study, skills and professional development.

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Indonesia: Earthquake and Tsunami (2018)

UNHCR rapidly deployed aid, distributing 2,054 tents to shelter around 10,000 of the most vulnerable people, along with sleeping mats, mosquito nets, and solar lamps

Bangladesh: Rohingya Refugee Crisis:

Supplying materials like bamboo and sheeting for emergency shelters, 91,000 shelter upgrade kits, and 85,000 monsoon preparation kits to protect against flooding and landslides

Syria: Comprehensive Aid and Coordination (Ongoing)

UNHCR provided winter relief supplies to over 611,323 Syrians, including thermal blankets, plastic sheeting, warm clothing, and sleeping bags

UNHCR co-leads the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan (3RP), coordinating over 270 partners to support Syrian refugees in education, healthcare, and livelihood support, and to address protection risks like gender-based violence

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Providing and facilitating access to employment opportunities in third countries helps refugees re-establish an independent, productive life with an adequate standard of living. It also allows employers and communities to harness refugees’ diverse work experience and professional and educational qualifications.