# data[].attributes.headline
How to be in a protest when it doesnt affect you

# data[].attributes.subject
How to be in a protest when it doesnt affect you

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Is It OK to Attend Protests for Marginalized Groups If I’m Not Affected?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
We paired with Amnesty International USA to answer.

# data[].attributes.headline
Why white school districts have so much money 

# data[].attributes.subject
Why white school districts have so much money 

# data[].attributes.body
This article tells you how and why white schools have more money then others.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools are unconstitutional.

In 2018, on the 64th anniversary of that ruling, a lawsuit filed in New Jersey claimed that state's schools are some of the most segregated in the nation. That's because, the lawsuit alleged, New Jersey school district borders are drawn along municipality lines that reflect years of residential segregation.

The idea that school district borders carry years of history is the premise of a new report from the nonprofit EdBuild, which studies the ways schools are funded in the U.S.

The report starts with a number: $23 billion. According to EdBuild, that's how much more funding predominantly white school districts receive compared with districts that serve mostly students of color.

"For every student enrolled, the average nonwhite school district receives $2,226 less than a white school district," the report says.

EdBuild singles out 21 states - including California, New Jersey and New York - in which mostly white districts get more funding than districts composed primarily of students of color.

More than half of students in the U.S. go to segregated or "racially concentrated" schools, according to the report. Those are schools in which more than three-quarters of students are white, or more than three-quarters are nonwhite.

Researchers found that high-poverty districts serving mostly students of color receive about $1,600 less per student than the national average. That's while school districts that are predominately white and poor receive about $130 less.
What's causing the disparity?
As Rebecca Sibilia, founder and CEO of EdBuild, explains, a school district's resources often come down to how wealthy an area is and how much residents pay in taxes.

"We have built a school funding system that is reliant on geography, and therefore the school funding system has inherited all of the historical ills of where we have forced and incentivized people to live," she says.

Public schools are primarily funded by local and state sources - the federal government pays for less than 10 percent,on average, of K-12 education. States sometimes step in to provide extra funding for districts that need it most. But not all states have been able to keep up with that demand.
The relationship between funding and teacher strikes
In some of the states with the worst funding disparities, teachers have gone on strike in the past year. In Arizona, poor, primarily white school districts get about $19,000 per student - while high-poverty, nonwhite districts get about $8,000, according to EdBuild.

That means high-poverty districts made up of mostly students of color - about a third of the school districts in the state - receive almost $11,000 less per student than the state's high-poverty, predominantly white districts.

Sibilia also points to the #RedForEd movements in Oklahoma and Colorado. Because those states have placed limits on their taxes, she says, they simply don't have the income to step in and fund the school districts that need it most.
Why funding in Southern states looks more equal
According to EdBuild researchers, predominantly white districts are often smaller than districts with mostly students of color: The former serves an average of just over 1,500 students, and the latter over 10,000, or three times the national average.

That size disparity matters. Sibilia says districts serving mostly students of color "rely more on the decisions that are being made at the state level, but there are fewer voices representing them. And that's where you really start to see the shift in power."

This power dynamic looks different in the South, where school district lines are often drawn along county lines, making districts larger across the board. Researchers found that funding looks more equal in states like Georgia and Alabama.

"This confirms a theory that we've had, which is that the larger the tax base - the larger the actual geography of the school districts - the more you can actually balance out the difference between a wealthy white suburb and a less wealthy rural or urban area," Sibilia says.

EdBuild researchers looked at data from a variety of sources - including the Education Department and the U.S. Census Bureau - to find school system demographics and district funding levels. They compared the funding across districts after taking cost of living into account.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why White School Districts Have So Much More Money

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
According to a new report, predominantly white school districts receive $23 billion more than districts that serve mostly students of color in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
This article tells you about how a group of 16 black people got together to protest white supremacy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The white supremacists had traveled to Charlottesville to protest the city's plan to remove a statue of General Robert E. Lee from a park there. Lee led the Confederate Army in the American Civil War, which took place from 1861 to 1865.

The Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy, was made up of 11 Southern states. These states seceded (withdrew) from the United States, also known as the Union. The Confederacy believed that states should be able to allow slavery. The Union opposed slavery. The Union and the Confederacy fought for four years before Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865.

Hundreds of statues and memorials honoring Confederate leaders exist in former Confederate states, as well as in some states in the North. People have protested them for many years, arguing that they are symbols of racism. Others believe that they reflect America's history and should remain.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The white supremacists had traveled to Charlottesville to protest the city's plan to remove a statue of General Robert E. Lee from a park there. Lee led the Confederate Army in the American Civil War, which took place from 1861 to 1865. The Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy, was made up of 11 Southern states.

# data[].attributes.headline
Black boys viewed as older, less innocent that whites, research finds.

# data[].attributes.subject
Black boys viewed as older, less innocent that whites, research finds.

# data[].attributes.body
This tells you why black people are viewed dangerous.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
WASHINGTON - Black boys as young as 10 may not be viewed in the same light of childhood innocence as their white peers, but are instead more likely to be mistaken as older, be perceived as guilty and face police violence if accused of a crime, according to new research published by the American Psychological Association.

"Children in most societies are considered to be in a distinct group with characteristics such as innocence and the need for protection. Our research found that black boys can be seen as responsible for their actions at an age when white boys still benefit from the assumption that children are essentially innocent," said author Phillip Atiba Goff, PhD, of the University of California, Los Angeles. The study was published online in APA's Journal of Personality and Social Psychology®.

Researchers tested 176 police officers, mostly white males, average age 37, in large urban areas, to determine their levels of two distinct types of bias - prejudice and unconscious dehumanization of black people by comparing them to apes. To test for prejudice, researchers had officers complete a widely used psychological questionnaire with statements such as "It is likely that blacks will bring violence to neighborhoods when they move in." To determine officers' dehumanization of blacks, the researchers gave them a psychological task in which they paired blacks and whites with large cats, such as lions, or with apes. Researchers reviewed police officers' personnel records to determine use of force while on duty and found that those who dehumanized blacks were more likely to have used force against a black child in custody than officers who did not dehumanize blacks. The study described use of force as takedown or wrist lock; kicking or punching; striking with a blunt object; using a police dog, restraints or hobbling; or using tear gas, electric shock or killing. Only dehumanization and not police officers' prejudice against blacks - conscious or not - was linked to violent encounters with black children in custody, according to the study.

The authors noted that police officers' unconscious dehumanization of blacks could have been the result of negative interactions with black children, rather than the cause of using force with black children. "We found evidence that overestimating age and culpability based on racial differences was linked to dehumanizing stereotypes, but future research should try to clarify the relationship between dehumanization and racial disparities in police use of force," Goff said.

The study also involved 264 mostly white, female undergraduate students from large public U.S. universities. In one experiment, students rated the innocence of people ranging from infants to 25-year-olds who were black, white or an unidentified race. The students judged children up to 9 years old as equally innocent regardless of race, but considered black children significantly less innocent than other children in every age group beginning at age 10, the researchers found.

The students were also shown photographs alongside descriptions of various crimes and asked to assess the age and innocence of white, black or Latino boys ages 10 to 17. The students overestimated the age of blacks by an average of 4.5 years and found them more culpable than whites or Latinos, particularly when the boys were matched with serious crimes, the study found. Researchers used questionnaires to assess the participants' prejudice and dehumanization of blacks. They found that participants who implicitly associated blacks with apes thought the black children were older and less innocent.

In another experiment, students first viewed either a photo of an ape or a large cat and then rated black and white youngsters in terms of perceived innocence and need for protection as children. Those who looked at the ape photo gave black children lower ratings and estimated that black children were significantly older than their actual ages, particularly if the child had been accused of a felony rather than a misdemeanor.

"The evidence shows that perceptions of the essential nature of children can be affected by race, and for black children, this can mean they lose the protection afforded by assumed childhood innocence well before they become adults," said co-author Matthew Jackson, PhD, also of UCLA. "With the average age overestimation for black boys exceeding four-and-a-half years, in some cases, black children may be viewed as adults when they are just 13 years old."

Article: "The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, published online Feb. 24, 2014; Phillip Atiba Goff, PhD, and Matthew Christian Jackson, PhD; University of California, Los Angeles; Brooke Allison, PhD, and Lewis Di Leone, PhD, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Boston; Carmen Marie Culotta, PhD, Pennsylvania State University; and Natalie Ann DiTomasso, JD, University of Pennsylvania.

Phillip Atiba Goff, PhD, can be contacted by phone at (310) 206-8614 (preferred) or by email. If Goff is unavailable, contact Matthew Christian Jackson, PhD, by phone at (814) 574-9781 or by email.

The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. APA's membership includes more than 134,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Black boys viewed as older, less innocent than Whites, research finds

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Black boys as young as 10 may not be viewed in the same light of childhood innocence as their white peers, but are instead more likely to be mistaken as older, be perceived as guilty and face police violence if accused of a crime.

# data[].attributes.body
Blue: yes Yellow: unsure Red: No

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Despite the disproportionate toll the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout have had on communities of color, more than 40% of Americans are unconvinced that systemic racism exists in the U.S., according to new survey findings from U.S. News & World Report and The Harris Poll.

Among thousands of people surveyed, nearly a quarter reported they did not believe there is systemic racism in America, while another 17% said they were unsure. At 47%, nearly half of white Americans remained unconvinced, while people of color were much more likely to affirm that systemic racism exists in the country. More than 80% of Black or African American respondents believe it does, as well as more than 70% of Asian or Pacific Islander respondents and nearly 70% of Hispanics.

The survey was conducted online within the U.S. by The Harris Poll from Oct. 21 to Oct. 30 among a nationally representative sample of 4,085 U.S. adults with a margin of error of ±1.91 percentage points at a 95% confidence level. The credible interval will be wider among subsets of those surveyed.

The findings come as the country continues to grapple with racial and ethnic disparities in foundational areas like employment, poverty, housing and health care, and amid a global pandemic that experts believe has hit minority communities harder in large part due to systemic inequities in those same types of areas.

"The stark disparity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the uprising in response to the murder of George Floyd undeniably exposed the racial inequities in the nation's economic, health care, and criminal justice systems and institutions, and ignited a clear demand for racial justice," says Marc Morial, president and CEO of civil rights organization the National Urban League.

Even as a majority of Americans believe systemic racism exists in the country, the U.S. News/Harris Poll survey results reflect differences in opinion among racial and ethnic groups regarding its role in creating disparities and the need for it to be addressed. Among Black or African American respondents, for example, 80% strongly or somewhat agree that systemic racism is responsible for disparities in areas such as health and finances, compared with just 62% of whites. Overall, 66% of respondents strongly or somewhat agree that systemic racism is responsible for such issues.

Half of Black or African American respondents surveyed also reported that they "strongly agree" it's important for society to address the impacts of discriminatory practices, such as redlining or voter suppression, that disadvantage some Americans. That compares with 36% of whites and 37% of respondents overall.

Varied views also were apparent on survey questions regarding economic and workplace disparities. According to a 2021 report by consulting firm McKinsey & Co., the median annual wage for Black workers is approximately 30% lower - or about $10,000 less - than the wage for white workers, with occupational disparities in Black representation and pay leading to an annual wage gap of around $220 billion.

Yet while two-thirds of respondents to the U.S. News/Harris Poll survey disagreed strongly or somewhat with the notion that wage gaps are not a problem in the U.S., Black respondents at 43% were more likely to strongly disagree, compared with 32% of whites and the same or similar shares of Asians or Pacific Islanders and Hispanics.

Similarly, while 64% of all adults surveyed disagreed with the statement that "workplace discrimination is not a problem in the U.S.," 43% of Black respondents strongly disagreed, compared with just 27% of whites, 29% of Hispanics and 34% of Asians or Pacific Islanders.

Meanwhile, only about one-fifth to one-quarter of respondents overall reported they thought companies had put in a "very good effort" over the past two years to advance racial equity through increasing awareness about racial bias and microaggressions, recruiting and retaining minority talent, minimizing pay disparities, or increasing racial diversity in managerial or other leadership roles.

In May, an analysis from corporate data firm Equilar found that just 15% of board seats for organizations included in the Russell 3000 index - which measures the performance of the 3,000 largest publicly held companies by market capitalization in the U.S. - were held by ethnically diverse directors at the end of 2021.

More than half of respondents overall to the U.S. News/Harris Poll survey said they believe business rather than the government was more likely to make a positive impact in their community, even as 53% of people of color viewed the government as more likely to have a positive impact versus 42% of white respondents.

At the same time, both whites and people of color had less trust in government at any level to make meaningful changes in advancing equity than they did in institutions such as small businesses, nonprofits, and educational and health care entities. Among people of color, 73% of respondents trusted small businesses to some degree to advance equity - the highest level of support given to a range of institutions that also included corporations and religious groups - as did 78% of whites.

As to what changes respondents would like to see, groups differed on what issue - if solved immediately - would have an immediate positive impact on their community. While affordable health care was listed among the top three issues by each racial or ethnic group, it was the No. 1 issue for whites and Asian or Pacific Islander respondents. Among both Black and Hispanic respondents, crime and gun violence were listed as No. 1, followed by affordable health care for Black respondents and housing insecurity and affordability among Hispanics.

In additional polling conducted by The Harris Poll after this past Election Day, the economy topped concerns among both white respondents and people of color: 88% of whites and 81% of people of color said they were very or somewhat concerned about the economy and inflation, with 85% of whites and 78% of people of color saying the same about a potential U.S. economic recession. Notably, 81% of whites expressed concern about crime rates in the U.S., compared with 76% of people of color.

The Week in Cartoons Nov. 14-18

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
U.S. News-Harris Poll Survey: As America Aims for Equity, Many Believe Systemic Racism Doesn't Exist

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Despite the disproportionate toll the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic fallout have had on communities of color, more than 40% of Americans are unconvinced that systemic racism exists in the U.S., according to new survey findings from U.S. News & World Report and The Harris Poll.