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Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2023, January 9). Concepts of biology. Open Stax College.

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The female and male reproductive systems have some similar functions and some independent functions. The male organs create and transmit sperm to the female organs, where an egg created by the female reproductive system is waiting. Once the sperm enters the egg, replication is initiated and an embryo is made. These embryos grow inside the mother's reproductive organs until they are ready to be born (Fowler et al., 2023).

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Our immune system is made up of cells and organs. They prevent viruses and diseases from entering our body. If they do make it inside our body then they are destroyed before they can replicate. Certain viruses and diseases are more powerful than our immune system defenses and cause dire consequences (HIV, cancer, etc.). However, our immune system puts of a hell of fight to protect the proper function of our body (Fowler et al., 2023).

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The central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord. The brain is responsible for all functions voluntary and involuntary. It is split up into several different sections that each control a different part of the body (i.e., eyes for seeing are connected to optic nerves, etc.) Without a brain, all these complex systems would have nothing to transmit to (Fowler et al., 2023).

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The skeletal system provides structure to the human body to allow movement to be efficient and multifunctional. We can run, jump, and grasp different items. Our skeletal system consists of two hundred and six bones that all store different minerals and nutrients and serve different purposes. The legs are for walking and moving around an environment while the arms are for reaching and grabbing items in an environment (Fowler et al., 2023).

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The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, gonad, pineal, and pancreas glands. They supply hormones to different other systems in the body to ensure they are stimulated and operating effectively. These are regulated systems as they need to know to start or stop sending more supplies (Fowler et al., 2023).

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Breathing a voluntary and involuntary process. During inhalation, the diaphragm expands creating room for the air to fill. It passes through the pharynx, the larynx, and the trachea and finally the lungs. This is wear it is absorbed and converted to carbon dioxide to exhale (Fowler et al., 2023).

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The circulatory system is an interconnected system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart is the center of this complex system. The heart pumps blood to all vital organs. It is also provided rest periods in between pumps (systole and diastole phases). Blood is rushed out of the heart to different other systems in the body, and new blood is pooled in (Fowler et al., 2023).

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The digestive system begins in the mouth as the teeth break down food. The ground-up food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach. The muscles of the esophagus contract in a wave motion to push the food down. After the stomach breaks down the food further, it travels through the small intestine, where it is made into waste. The large intestine compacts in and stores it until excretion (Fowler et al., 2023).