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African Endentured Servants Brought to Jamestown, VA, 1619.

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African Endentured Servants Brought to Jamestown, VA, 1619.

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A Dutch ship brings 20 African indentured servants to the English colony of Jamestown, Virginia.

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The Stono Rebellion (1739) The Stono Rebellion, the largest slave insurrection in British North America, began nearby on September 9, 1739. About 20 Africans raided a store near Wallace Creek, a branch of the Stono River. Taking guns and other weapons, they killed two shopkeepers.

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Massachusetts Grants African-Americans Right to Vote, 1780

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Massachusetts Grants African-Americans Right to Vote, 1780

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On February 9,  1780, Capt. Paul Cuffe and six other African-American residents of Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature for the right to vote. Claiming "no taxation without representation," the residents had earlier refused to pay taxes. The courts agreed and awarded Cuffe and the six other defendants full civil rights.

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Nat Turner's Rebellion, historically known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, the rebels killed between 55 and 65 White people, making it the deadliest slave revolt in U.S. history.

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The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union and the Confederacy, the latter formed by states that had seceded.

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The ruling in this Supreme Court case upheld a Louisiana state law that allowed for "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races."

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Reynolds v. board of education of Topeka Kansas 1903 

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Reynolds v. board of education of Topeka Kansas 1903 

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In 1879 the Kansas State Legislature passed a law permitting first class cities in Kansas (cities with a population of 15,000 or more) to create racially segregated schools. The Topeka Board of Education quickly followed by segregating elementary schools in the city. William Reynolds, an African American tailor, objected to his eight-year-old son, Raoul, being forced to attend a segregated school after having attended an integrated school. Reynolds also objected to his son being forced to attend a school several blocks from home when Lowman Hill was nearby. He claimed that the school board had agreed to replace the destroyed school with one that continued to be racially integrated. Reynolds also claimed that the school Raoul had been directed to attend was unsanitary, inconvenient, and undesirable and that his son had the right to be taught without regard to his race or color.

On May 31, 1902, William Reynolds sued the School Board to allow his son entrance into the new Lowman Hill school claiming that the separation of children by race in the classroom violated the provision in the Kansas state constitution requiring the establishment of a uniform system of schools. His attorney also argued that the segregation law violated the rights of children under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Attorneys for the School Board argued that the school district was in compliance with the standard of separate but equal facilities for the races that had been set by the Supreme Court in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson Decision. The Board also argued that they had received petitions from African American parents who wanted a school closer to their community but they had not asked for an integrated school.
The case eventually came before the Kansas Supreme Court which in March 1903 held for the Board of Education claiming first class cities were allowed to operate separate elementary schools. The court dismissed Reynolds’ suit saying that “the system of educational opportunities, advantages, methods and accommodations” in Topeka schools “was uniform, constant, and equal” whether attended “by blacks and whites commingling, or by them, separately.” Finally, the court said that Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution did not supersede Kansas law. The intent of the Amendment was not to “abolish distinctions based upon color” or force “a commingling of the races upon terms unsatisfactory to either.”

Although Reynolds lost, this case was one of the first cases to challenge the separate but equal doctrine. Future cases in Topeka demanding equality in education continued to be brought before the courts until the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark Brownv. Board of Education decision in 1954 declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional 51 years later.

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lynching of Laura and l.d. nelson 1911 jan 28

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lynching of Laura and l.d. nelson 1911 jan 28

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Laura and l.d nelson were a mother and son who were dragged from jail and lynched in Oklahoma, on may 25,1911. Austin nelson was born the following year. the nelson family lived on a farm near Baden, oaklahoma , a largely white town.

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Emmett Louis Till was an African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 at the age of 14, after being accused of offending a white woman, Carolyn Bryant, in her family's grocery store.

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The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was a terrorist bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama on September 15, 1963 by a white supremacist terrorist group.

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THE BIRMINGHAM CHILDREN’S CRUSADE (MAY 1963)

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THE BIRMINGHAM CHILDREN’S CRUSADE (MAY 1963)

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Early in 1963, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leaders, Dr. Martin Luther King, Reverend Ralph Abernathy, and local Birmingham leader of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Fred Shuttlesworth came together to lead a campaign to desegregate Birmingham, Alabama, a city notorious for its discriminatory practices. A plan was put in place for a series of protests. Mass meetings were held at the 16th Street Baptist church with local adults and their children including many training for non-violent peaceful protests.

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The St. Augustine Movement was a series of civil rights protests that occurred in St. Augustine, Florida between 1963 and 1964. They were led by local branches of the NAACP Youth Council and Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The Movement influenced passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

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The Biloxi Wade-In Civil Rights protests were conducted by local African Americans on the beaches of Biloxi, Mississippi between 1959 and 1963. Physician Gilbert R. Mason Sr. led the demonstrations to desegregate beaches on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. The Biloxi Wade-Ins was the first major Civil Rights campaign in Mississippi.

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"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist and Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. In the speech, King called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States.

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The Detroit Walk To Freedom was a mass march during the Civil Rights Movement that took place on June 23, 1963, in Detroit, Michigan. It drew an estimated 125,000 participants and spectators, which made it the single largest civil rights demonstration in the nation’s history prior to the March on Washington in Washington D.C. in August 1963.

The march was organized by Rev. Clarence LaVaughn Franklin, the father of singer Aretha Franklin, and Rev Albert B. Cleage. Franklin and Cleage and other organizers for the Detroit Council for Human Rights (DCHR), planned the march. Cleage originally wanted the march to be all-Black and led by Black people only. The Detroit branch of the National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) threatened to boycott the march if the DCHR did not include local white leaders in the march.The Detroit Walk To Freedom had three goals. The first purpose was to speak out against segregation and the brutality that civil rights activists regularly experienced in the South. It also addressed concerns in the urban North, including employment and housing discrimination and de facto school segregation. The march was intended to raise funds and awareness for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The date of June 23, 1963, was chosen as it was the 20th anniversary of the Detroit Race Riot of 1943.

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JAMES MEREDITH’S MARCH AGAINST FEAR (1966)

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JAMES MEREDITH’S MARCH AGAINST FEAR (1966)

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The “March Against Fear” began on June 5, 1966, and was initiated by civil rights activist James Meredith. Four years earlier he had become the first African American student to integrate the University of Mississippi by enrolling there in 1962.

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Congressman John Conyers, a Black Democratic U.S. representative from Michigan, introduced the first legislation to establish the holiday on April 8, 1968, four days after Dr. King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. However, the bill honoring the life and work of the civil and human rights activist and Nobel laureate fell five votes short of the number needed for Congress to move forward. Congressional conservatives argued that it was unheard of to celebrate a private person who had never held public office with such an honor. Others argued that the federal government could not afford another annual paid holiday for federal employees, and a few suggested that King was not worthy of such a national honor because of his affiliation with communist individuals and organizations.

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The MOVE organization was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1972 by John Africa. When members greeted each other they would say “on the MOVE.” The MOVE organization spoke about racial and environmental injustice on street corners and protested in front of numerous organizations throughout the city of Philadelphia. During these protests, members were often arrested and jailed.

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The Watts Truce was a peace agreement among rival Blood and Crips street gangs in Los Angeles, California, mainly in the neighborhood of Watts. The Watts Truce occurred days before the Rodney King Riots. This truce was a significant factor in the decline of street violence in Los Angeles after the 1990s. In the late 1960s, the Crips Street Gang was founded by Raymond Lee Washington and Stanley Tookie Williams. As the Crips’ influence grew in Los Angeles in the early 1970s, several independent gangs, including the Brims, Pirus, Bishops, Bounty Hunters, Athens Park Gang, and Denver Lanes, created a coalition to fight back against them. That coalition became the Bloods.

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George Floyd died on Memorial Day, May 25, 2020, on a Minneapolis, Minnesota street. He was suffocated to death by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin, who calmly held his knee on Floyd’s neck for over nine minutes. Video of the incident quickly went viral, sparking anger, outrage, and indignation on a global scale. Except for the videotaping of the incident, George Floyd’s death might have gone unnoticed. It did not, and the world changed because of it.