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Hybrid figure with a human body and feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel (Baden-Wiirttemberg), Germany, ca. 30,000 bce. Mammoth ivory, height ll 1 / (29.6 cm).

Ulma Museum, Ulm, German

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Paleolithic-Hybrid Figure With Human Body and Feline Head 

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Paleolithic-Hybrid Figure With Human Body and Feline Head 

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The purpose of this piece is unclear, but we can assume it would be for a ritualistic purposes.

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Stonehenge (aerial view), Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, ca. 2100 bce. Diameter of circle 97' (29.6 m)

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Purposes: Some believe it was a way to mark time. Other believe it was more used for ritual purposes

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Statues from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq. ca. 2700-2500 bce. Limestone, alabaster, and gypsum, height of tallest figure approx. 30"

(76.3 cm). Iraq Museum, Baghdad, and The Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago

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These statues were purposely buried by the alter.

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Upper part of stele inscribed with the Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1760 bce. Diorite, height of stele approx. 7' (2.1 m); height of relief 28" (71 cm). Musee du Louvre, Paris

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This is the oldest written body of Law. It was used as a way to establish a set law among the Babylonians and show the authority and power of the king.

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Gate of the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (Khorsabad), Iraq (photo taken during excavation). 742-706 bce

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Assyrian-Lamassu at Gate of the citadel of Sargon II

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Assyrian-Lamassu at Gate of the citadel of Sargon II

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The Lamassu was believed to be a guardian to ward off evil spirits. It represented strength, freedom, and power. It was a mythical creature to protect the citadel.

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Menkaure and His Wife, Queen Khamerernebty II, from Giza, ca. 2515 bce. Slate, height 54 1 / (138.4 cm). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harvard University—Boston Museum of Fine Arts Expedition

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Egyptian: The Old Kingdom -Menkaure and His Wife, Queen Khamerernebty II,

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Egyptian: The Old Kingdom -Menkaure and His Wife, Queen Khamerernebty II,

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Purpose: we aren't really sure what the purpose is, but if you were a part of the royal family or royalty, you had statues created to represent your power and strength almost godlike.

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Queen Nefertiti. ca. 1348-1336/35 bce. Limestone, height 19" (48.3 cm).

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin,

Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Agyptisches Museum

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Purpose: again, she was the queen and mother of King Tut. It could be like a type of memorial piece and a way to admire her greatness as a queen.

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Harpist , from Amorgos, Cyclades. Latter part of the 3rd millennium bce. Marble. Height 8 1 / (21.5 cm). Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens

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Purpose: it is assumed that this was used as a funerary purpose. To accompany the deceased.

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Flotilla Fresco , from Akrotiri, Thera, ca. 1600-1500 bce. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

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The Minoans were very peaceable, but sea faring people. Their artwork represented a lot of the ocean and oceanic animals.

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The Lioness Gate, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1250 bce

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The purpose was to be an architectural structure to help as a defense system and show the power of the rulers of mycenae.

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Kore , from Chios ca. 520 bce. Marble, height 21 7 { (55.3 cm).Akropolis Museum, Athens

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Purpose: A statue of offering for the Goddess of Athena.

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 Temple of Athena Nike. 427-424 bce (view from east).Akropolis, Athens

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Greek: Classical - Temple of Athena Nike

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Greek: Classical - Temple of Athena Nike

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Purpose: a place of worship

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Pythokritos of Rhodes (?). Nike ofSamothrace. ca. 190 bce. Marble, height 8' (2.44 m). Musee du Louvre, Paris

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Greek: Hellenistic: . Nike ofSamothrace. 

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Greek: Hellenistic: . Nike ofSamothrace. 

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Purpose: A symbol of triumph and victory

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Sarcophagus lid of Larth Tetnies and Thanchvil Tarnai. ca. 350-300 bce. Marble, length 7' (2.13 m). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of Mrs. Gardner Brewer, 86.145 a-b

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Etruscan- Sarcophagus lid of Larth Tetnies and Thanchvil Tarnai. 

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Etruscan- Sarcophagus lid of Larth Tetnies and Thanchvil Tarnai. 

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Purpose: Etruscans buried their dead together in family tombs showing their believe in eternal love

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Veristic male portrait. Early 1st century bce. Marble, life-size. Musei Vaticani, Rome

192 PART

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Purpose: Shows the wisdom and knowledge this person had. A lot of realism

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Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. ca. 359 ce. Marble, 3T0 1 / x 8' (1.2 x 2.4 m). Museo Storico del Capitolino di San Pietro, Rome

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Early Christian - Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

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Early Christian - Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

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Made for a prefect of Rome who died and was f"newly Baptized"

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Purpose: Religious church and place of worship

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Ivory casket of al-Mughira, from Cordoba, ca. 960.

Height 6" (15 cm), diameter 3" (8 cm). Musee du Louvre, Paris, Inv. 4068

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Islamic - Ivory casket of al-Mughira, from Cordoba

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Islamic - Ivory casket of al-Mughira, from Cordoba

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Purpose: personal container for littler things

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Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. First half of 7th century.

Gold, length 5 1 / (13.4 cm). The British Museum, London. Courtesy of the Trustees

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Anglo-Saxon/Hiberno-Saxon/Viking - Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. 

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Anglo-Saxon/Hiberno-Saxon/Viking - Gold buckle, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial. 

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Purpose: Belt buckle

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 St. Matthew , from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims. ca. 816-35. Ink and colors on vellum, 10 1 /x 8 3 / (26 x 22.2 cm). Bibliotheque Municipale, Epernay, France

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Carolingian -  St. Matthew , from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims

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Carolingian -  St. Matthew , from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo of Reims

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Purpose: Piece of art to represent the revelation Matthew received in a forensic manner

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Exterior, abbey church of St. Michaels, Hildesheim, Germany

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Purpose: Place of Worship

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West portal, with Last Judgment by Gislebertus on tympanum, cathedral of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, ca. 1120-35

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Romanesque - West portal, with Last Judgment by Gislebertus on tympanum, cathedral of Saint-Lazare, 

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Romanesque - West portal, with Last Judgment by Gislebertus on tympanum, cathedral of Saint-Lazare, 

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Purpose: To demonstrate a bit of fear and also reference. Reminding people to stay in the right way or the things that will happen at judgement day.

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Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, ca. 1194-1220

400 PART II THE MIDDLE AGES

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Gothic Art - Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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Gothic Art - Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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Purpose: Shows beauty and draws your eyes upward as you worship

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Andrea Pisano. South doors, baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence. 1330-36. Gilt bronze

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13th-/14th-Century Italy (Proto-Renaissance) - Andrea Pisano. South doors, baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence

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13th-/14th-Century Italy (Proto-Renaissance) - Andrea Pisano. South doors, baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence

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Purpose: Demonstrating John the Baptists life on the doors of the baptistry.