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Imperial goals included spreading Christianity and economic development, but there was increasing pressure from the "white man’s burden."

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AFTER ALBERT'S DEATH, QUEEN VICTORIA SPENT TEN YEARS IN MOURNING BUT REMAINED A CENTRE FIGURE

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AFTER ALBERT'S DEATH, QUEEN VICTORIA SPENT TEN YEARS IN MOURNING BUT REMAINED A CENTRE FIGURE

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POLITICS AND REFORM IN LATE VICTORIAN BRITAIN

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POLITICS AND REFORM IN LATE VICTORIAN BRITAIN

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THE DECLINE OF             VICTORIAN OPTIMISM

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THE DECLINE OF             VICTORIAN OPTIMISM

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-British power and ideological changes

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By the late 19th century, the Empire covered 4 million square miles and governed over 400 million people.

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BRITISH POLITICS WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUP: LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES

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BRITISH POLITICS WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUP: LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES

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URBAN GROWTH AND THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS LED TO SOCIAL REFORMS AIMED AT IMPROVING LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN WORK CLASSES

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URBAN GROWTH AND THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS LED TO SOCIAL REFORMS AIMED AT IMPROVING LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN WORK CLASSES

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The Fabian Society —> socialist organization formed in 1814. Inspired by Marx’s ideas but not at all. They want to transform Britain in a socialist state trought reforms and not trought revolution as Marx said.

The Indipendence Labour Party —> no socialist party and not inspired by Marx ideas. It was founded in 1893

Pessimism reinforced by Social Darwinism.

Social Darwinism —> Spread in 1870 thanks to Herbert Spencer. He applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human society.

So he thought poor and oppressed should not be compassionate.

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During Queen Victoria’s reign, the British Empire controlled vast and different territories, including Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Africa and South America.

Trade and colonialism led to wars with China, a rebellion in India, and a conflict with Russia in support of the Ottoman Empire.

India:

1) From the 1870s, trade with India became essential, and Britain secured control of the Suez Canal in 1875 to safeguard its route to the East.

2) India was seen as "the jewel in the crown," and Queen Victoria was proclaimed "Empress of India" in 1877.

Africa:

The British controlled colonies in South Africa (Cape Colony and Natal), while the Boers ruled the Transvaal and the Orange Free State.

The Anglo-Boer Wars (1880–1902) ended with a British victory.

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Queen Victoria’s death in 1901 marked the end of the Victorian Age.

She was a symbol of stability and was celebrated with grand jubilees. Her funeral attracted large crowds.

She was buried alongside her husband in the Frogmore mausoleum at Windsor.