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Epidemiology → The study of disease or illness in a given population over a period of time. Epidemiological data identifies prevalence and incidence of disease and illness as

well as patterns and measures which may reduce the occurrence of the disease. This data enables decisions about health issues to be made based on evidence. Health

promotion and health expenditure is determined by data collected in relation to the current and future health needs of a population.

Incidence → The number or proportion of new cases arising in a particular population within a given period.

Prevalence → The number of proportion of people with a disease in a population at a given time.

Infant/Mortality → The number of people within a population which have died in a given year.

Morbidity → The measure of disease or disability rates within a given population

Burden → The impact an issue has on a population, measured by financial cost, mortality and morbidity rates and other indicators

Indicators of these aspects include life expectancy, mortality, infant mortality, and morbidity

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PDHPE

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Measuring health status is essential to understanding the wellbeing of individuals and populations. It allows governments, healthcare providers, and communities to monitor trends, identify health needs, allocate resources, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Several indicators are used to assess health status, including mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, and burden of disease.

Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a population over a specific period. This indicator helps to reveal significant health trends, such as the prevalence of diseases that result in high death rates, like heart disease or cancer. Infant mortality rates (deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births) are also a critical measure of a nation’s health and the effectiveness of its healthcare system.

Morbidity refers to the prevalence of illness, injury, or disability within a population. It can be measured by the incidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases) of particular diseases. Tracking morbidity provides insight into how common certain health conditions are, such as obesity, diabetes, or mental health disorders, which helps public health systems prioritize prevention efforts.

Life expectancy measures the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality trends. It reflects the general health of populations and is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental quality. While life expectancy has increased globally, some populations experienceMeasuring Health Statusincidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases) of particular diseases. Tracking morbidity provides insight into how common certain health conditions are, such as obesity, diabetes, or mental health disorders, which helps public health systems prioritize prevention efforts.

Life expectancy measures the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality trends. It reflects the general health of populations and is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental quality. While life expectancy has increased globally, some populations experienceJJJMeasuring Health Status

Measuring health status is essential to understanding the wellbeing of individuals and populations. It allows governments, healthcare providers, and communities to monitor trends, identify health needs, allocate resources, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Several indicators are used to assess health status, including mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, and burden of disease.

Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a population over a specific period. This indicator helps to reveal significant health trends, such as the prevalence of diseases that result in high death rates, like heart disease or cancer. Infant mortality rates (deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births) are also a critical measure of a nation’s health and the effectiveness of its healthcare system.

Morbidity refers to the prevalence of illness, injury, or disability within a population. It can be measured by the incidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases) of particular diseases. Tracking morbidity provides insight into how common certain health conditions are, such as obesity, diabetes, or mental health disorders, which helps public health systems prioritize prevention efforts.

Life expectancy measures the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality trends. It reflects the general health of populations and is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental quality. While life expectancy has increased globally, some populations experienceMeasuring Health Status

Measuring health status is essential to understanding the wellbeing of individuals and populations. It allows governments, healthcare providers, and communities to monitor trends, identify health needs, allocate resources, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Several indicators are used to assess health status, including mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, and burden of disease.

Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a population over a specific period. This indicator helps to reveal significant health trends, such as the prevalence of diseases that result in high death rates, like heart disease or cancer. Infant mortality rates (deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births) are also a critical measure of a nation’s health and the effectiveness of its healthcare system.

Morbidity refers to the prevalence of illness, injury, or disability within a population. It can be measured by the incidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases) of particular diseases. Tracking morbidity provides insight into how common certain health conditions are, such as obesity, diabetes, or mental health disorders, which helps public health systems prioritize prevention efforts.

Life expectancy measures the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality trends. It reflects the general health of populations and is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental quality. While life expectancy has increased globally, some populations experienceMeasuring Health Status

Measuring health status is essential to understanding the wellbeing of individuals and populations. It allows governments, healthcare providers, and communities to monitor trends, identify health needs, allocate resources, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. Several indicators are used to assess health status, including mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, and burden of disease.

Mortality refers to the number of deaths in a population over a specific period. This indicator helps to reveal significant health trends, such as the prevalence of diseases that result in high death rates, like heart disease or cancer. Infant mortality rates (deaths of children under one year per 1,000 live births) are also a critical measure of a nation’s health and the effectiveness of its healthcare system.

Morbidity refers to the prevalence of illness, injury, or disability within a population. It can be measured by the incidence (new cases) and prevalence (existing cases) of particular diseases. Tracking morbidity provides insight into how common certain health conditions are, such as obesity, diabetes, or mental health disorders, which helps public health systems prioritize prevention efforts.

Life expectancy measures the average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality trends. It reflects the general health of populations and is influenced by factors like access to healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and environmental quality. While life expectancy has increased globally, some populations experience

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all of the above for the topic

The NHPA initiative provides a national approach to tackling the five identified priority areas: cardiovascular health, cancer control, injury prevention and control, mental health and diabetes mellitus.

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chs, dementia, lung cancer

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Female expectancy 85 years

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social justice principles

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prevalence

incidence

distribution

apparent causes

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Epidemiology, is used by the government to help and prevent upcoming illnesses that could effect the population.

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cvd, injuries, cancer

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mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, infant mortality

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cost to the individual and commjnity

Direct cost → monetary costs of diagnosing and treating a patient.

Indirect cost → diﬃcult to measure costs such as a patients mental health and other eﬀects stemming from illness, eg loss of wages when a person is unable to work.

When identifying priority health issues it is essential to identify the cost of the disease, illness or injury to the individual and the community. The cost can either be direct costs

such as financial burden, or indirect costs, including an individuals mental wellbeing as a result of cancer diagnosis. If it is considered that the health issue has a high cost to

either the individual or the community, then this gives reason as to why the health issues need to be identified as a priority.

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Priority health issues are identified based on criteria such as prevalence, potential for prevention, and their overall impact on the community. A significant focus is placed on health inequities, which highlight disparities in health outcomes among different populations, particularly vulnerable groups. Chronic diseases, like diabetes and cardiovascular conditions, are increasingly recognized as major health challenges. Additionally, mental health has gained prominence, with an emphasis on awareness, access to services, and reducing stigma. Lifestyle diseases linked to physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and substance abuse also remain critical issues. Government initiatives aim to address these priority health concerns through targeted policies and programs to improve community health outcomes.

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mortality, infant mortality, morbidity and life expectancy

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90% of bowel cancer patients had been diagnosed from the at-home bowel testing kits.

Social Justice, Priority populating groups, the prevalence of the condition, cost to the individual and community and potential.

Diversity, Equity and a supportive environment.

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five identified priority areas: cardiovascular health, cancer control, injury prevention and control, mental health and diabetes

female life expectancy 85.3yrs

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Measures of Epidemiology

Mortality: The number of deaths in a population during a specific period.

Morbidity: The rate or incidence of disease in a population.

Life expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live, based on current mortality trends.

Infant mortality: The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Burden of disease: The impact of diseases and injuries, often measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years

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spppc

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Potential for prevention and early intervention

Modifiable risk factors → risk factors that are able to be modified by the individuals eg: smoking, high fat diet, sedentary lifestyle.

When identifying priority health issues, it is essential to identify issues which are more likely to be preventable. This means that in the long term, resources can be used

elsewhere. Most health issues in Australia are caused by modifiable risk factors. Therefore, early intervention is possible through modification of risk, meaning the burden of

disease can be lowered. Early intervention strategies enable diseases to be identified before they become an increasing burden on a population. For example → the

implementation of the screening services, like cancer screening, has led to a decrease in mortality rates due to early detection and treatment. Breast cancer screening is now

available for women at younger ages for prevention. Risk factors include: sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, overweight, diabetes, stress, smoking, and high cholesterol.

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Priority Population Groups can be

- ATSI peoples

- Rural and remote area

- Low socioeconomic (SES) people

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prevalence, incidence, distribution

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Priority health issues can be determined by how prevalent the health condition is. In Australia, this is generally concerned with chronic disease, injury and mental health issues.

Disease, injury and mental health issues can place a burden on a population and thus it is important to prioritise health funding and resources in these areas. It is crucial to

understand the prevalence of a condition in order to improve health quality.

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male life expectancy is 81.2

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Priority population groups → groups in Australian society which experience health inequities and diﬃculties.

Since these groups are identified as experiencing poor health, with the implementation of the social justice principles, such groups should have equitable access to health. Thus,

health promotion and strategies must be put in place to accommodate all individuals. Epidemiological data identifies that the priority population groups are:

● First Nations Australians

● People who are socioeconomically disadvantaged

● People living in rural and remote areas

● People born overseas

● The elderly

● People with disabilities

These priority groups can be joint, eg, an elderly person can live in a rural area, increasing their exposure to health inequities.

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epidemiology

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Mortality: The number of deaths in a population due to a disease  E.g. 100,000 people died from COVID-19 in 2020

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Social justice principles include

diversity

equity

supportive environment

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equity, diversity and supportive environemnts